Child Social Development

Introduction Social control theory developed by Travis Hirschi specially states that all individuals actually have the potential to develop antisocial or criminal tendencies however it is the â€Å"bond† they share with society whether in the form of friendships, recognition of societal rules and norms of conduct, parental influences etc. that prevent them from manifesting such behavior (Payne Salotti, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Child Social Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hirschi goes on further to state that crimes occur due to individuals either losing or weakening the various bonds which bind them to society and as such results in them not caring of the social ramifications of certain criminal actions. It is based on this that it can be seen that instilling proper social-emotional learning early on in a child’s life is of paramount importance in ensuring that they devel op the necessary social and emotional bonds as well as the right way of thinking in order to succeed in aspects related to school, family life, community obligations and work. It is based on this that this paper will explore the various qualities needed in order for a child to develop into a proper and well-balanced adult that is ready to tackle whatever life throws their way. What is needed for Positive Social Development? All individuals need to have a skill set that helps them cope not only with social interactions but with personal relations and the bonds that help to keep them in place. It is based on this that one of the first personal capabilities that contribute to positive social development is empathy. Empathy is a way in which an individual is able to understand either the positive or negative aspects of another person’s life. It helps to facilitate a moment of deep thought and reflection wherein they place themselves in that person’s shoes and â€Å"feelâ €  how certain positive or negative events would feel if it happened to them. It is through this that people learn how to promote positive behaviors and limit negative ones due to their perception over how it would be like if such experiences had occurred to them as well. The second personal capability needed is tolerance; all too often people encounter various situations in their life that test their patience whether it comes in the form of a frustrating spouse, a demanding boss at work or even certain events that don’t go the way they were planned.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tolerance can be thought of as a conscious effort to take such things in stride and to address them calmly and reasonably instead of reacting violently and irresponsibly. By developing proper tolerance an individual is able to respond to everyday challenges and cope with them instead of bein g frustrated and lashing out at those around them. The last personal capability needed for positive social development is responsibility. Individuals need to learn to take responsibility for their actions or to take into account the possible repercussions of certain actions and how they will be responsible for it. Through an understanding of individual responsibility individuals are able to limit negative behaviors due to their belief that they are inherently responsible for everything they do. This results in the development of further traits such as integrity, positive work ethics, as well as lesser predilection towards criminal behavior. Qualities needed in a Family Environment In order to bring about the positive personal capabilities discussed in the previous section there are distinct factors necessary in a family environment in order to bring them about. The first factor is a supportive family environment that facilitates independent action, emotional development and the crea tion of bonds that help to develop an individual’s social, emotional and mental stability. It is suggested by Siegel (2011) that it is socialization and not the social structure itself that produces either positive or negative tendencies within children as they grow and develop (Siegel, 2011). Siegel explains that â€Å"the more social problems encountered during the socialization process the greater the likelihood that youths will encounter difficulties and obstacles as they mature, such as being unemployed or becoming a teenage mother† (Siegel, 2011). It is based on this that social learning theorists suggest crime is a direct result of individuals learning norms, values, and behaviors associated with criminal activity (Siegel, 2011). When taking such factors into consideration it can be seen that a supportive family environment is a necessity in ensuring proper social development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Child Social Development specif ically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Children develop their positive or negative tendencies through emulation and socialization within family units and as such the greater the support given within an environment for proper emotional and mental development that is in line with positive societal traits the more likely it is for a child to develop into a proper adult. The second trait needed within a family environment for positive social development is familial affection. What must be understood is that a child’s emotional growth is inherently dependent on the care and affection given to them during their formative years. It was seen in numerous cases of absentee mothers or fathers where children were left to their own whims and actions that their emotional growth and development was stunted leading to greater anti-social tendencies resulting in the potential for criminal behavior in the future. It is based on this that adequate familial a ffection that encourages positive emotional growth is a necessity in order to ensure that negative tendencies do not manifest themselves. Qualities of an Effective Classroom Environment A classroom environment is a place where children interact utilizing the personality traits they learned within their family environment inside a social setting and as such it is the responsibility of a teacher to either promote or discourage certain types of positive or negative behavior. One way of contributing towards the positive development of personality capabilities as expressed in the first section is to encourage cooperation and sharing among students. By helping students develop concepts related to cooperation and sharing they are able to take in the first steps towards understanding empathy, tolerance and responsibility. This is done through group exercises where children learn to work together, share materials and take responsibility for certain tasks that they are assigned to do. This he lps them to experience the initial aspects of a basic social setting resulting in the development of positive personality traits. The second quality necessary within a classroom environment is the creation of a reward and punishment system for displayed behavior. By instituting this form of behavioral control this encourages students to display positive forms of behavior such as respecting other children’s things, empathizing with their situations and encouraging them to be responsible for their own behaviors. On the other hand it must be noted that one aspect that should not be implemented within a classroom environment is a rigid and unyielding structure for learning.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Children should be allowed to learn at their own individual paces since not all children have the same capability. If lessons were to proceed at a predetermined pace without taking into account differences in learning ability some children may feel left out resulting in the development of attitudes related to depression or anti-socialization due to them being unable to keep up with the other students. Reference List Payne, A., Salotti, S. (2007). A Comparative Analysis of Social Learning and Social Control Theories in the Prediction of College Crime. Deviant Behavior, 28(6), 553-573. Siegel, L. (2011). Criminology. (11 ed., p. 523). California: Wadsworth Publishing. This essay on Child Social Development was written and submitted by user Omari Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The People, Leisure, and Culture of Blacks During the Harlem essays

The People, Leisure, and Culture of Blacks During the Harlem essays It seems unfair that the pages of our history books or even the lecturers in majority of classrooms speak very little of the accomplishments of blacks. They speak very little of a period within black history in which many of the greatest musicians, writers, painters, and influential paragon' emerged. This significant period in time was known as the Harlem Renaissance. Blacks attained the opportunity to work at upper-class jobs, own their own homes, and establish status among themselves. To no ones surprise, they still were not accepted into the so called upper-class of white society, but they neither worried nor became distressed over the fact. They created societies of their own which opened doors for blacks to attain opportunities that were absolutely unheard of, just before the Renaissance. It was from this same society where the beautiful melodies of jazz emerged. Colleagues and peers of their own race, which created a powerful bond between them, accepted Blacks. The attitudes wh ich prompted the movement were those that came about because of the beginning of : (1) the nationalist tendencies of the time, (2) the movement of black Americans from slavery to freedom and from rural to city living, (3) Afro- Americans renewed pride in their African heritage, and (4) the influences of the period bounded by the close of the Civil War and the economic collapse of the 1930s. From education, to the stage of Broadway, to music, and to a revived race, blacks possessed more intelligence, talent, and ingenuity then they will ever be given credit for and it all began with the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement, was the greatest of literary periods in which creativity and vehemence were clearly expressed. Literature was no longer a white write looking at the black experience from his/her perspective, making judgments and trying to find under...

Community Health Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Community Health Nursing - Essay Example This paper provides you the most up-to-date information and also the basics of diabetes. This will effectively instruct patients and will help them to control their diabetes. For a successful maintenance and self-regulation of diabetes, the paper must address the important and current topics. Community: India, being the second highly populated country has more than 50 million people with type 2 diabetes. This kind of disease results from a genetic susceptibility and also from lifestyle to which mankind adapted to. For example, the western lifestyle and they are characterized by high calorie intake and little exercise. Some of Indians were brought to Mauritius in the year 1830 to work in the sugar plantations for physically demanding work. The Mauritian government was forced to promote industrialization and the export of manufactured goods due to decline in world sugar prices in 1980s, leads to increased prosperous and decreased physical activity among the local population. â€Å"So the death rate between 1982 and 1986 due to diabetes was increased three times and reached 13% by 1987 in the Mauritius Indian community† (Diamond, 2011). Demographic and Epidemiological Data: International Diabetes Federation published Diabetes Atlas in the year 2006. According to that around 40.9 million people in India were diabetic and are likely expected to increase up to 69.9 million by the year 2025 unless urgent preventive steps are taken. The stage of this disease has changed from slight disorder of the elder persons to one of the major reason for the â€Å"illness and death among the young and middle aged people† (Policy Documents, 2006). The increase in commonness of the disease is seen in all six inhabited continents of the globe. In between 1972 and 1975 the first national study was done by the Indian Medical Research on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in India. It was 2.1% in urban and 1.5% in rural population. In people above 40 yr of age it was 2.8% in rural and 5% in urban. In between the year 1989 and 1991 a National rural diabetes survey was done in different parts of the country in selected rural population. To diagnose diabetes this study uses the 1985 WHO criteria and reported a crude predominance of 2.8% In Andhra Pradesh, the Eluru survey showed a prevalence of 1.5 % when looked for familiar diabetes in four. A Prevalence of 8.2% in the urban and 2.4% in the rural was reported in the year 1988 in Chennai. Across India a study based on population was conducted in six metropolitan cities by the National Urban Diabetes Survey (NUDS).It also recruited 11,216 subjects aged 20 yr and above representative of all socio-economic strata. Age standardized prevalence of 8.6% in urban population showed in western India. Recent studies reported a prevalence of 9.3% in rural Maharashtra. In Ernakulum district located in Kerala, a community based cross-sectional survey was done in urban by The Amrita Diabetes and Endocrine Population Sur vey (ADEPS). The survey has revealed a very high prevalence of 19.5%. 15.5% of overall crude prevalence of diabetes was reported using WHO criteria 14 in CURES(age standardized: 14.3%) and 10.6% with IGT(age-standardized: 10.2%).In Chennai, the commonness of the disease was increased by 39.8 per cent (8.3 to 11.6%) in between the year 1989 to 1995 and in between the year 1995 to 2000 it was 16.3 per cent (11.6 to 13.5%) and between 2000 to 2004, it was 6.0 per

Rational persuasion Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rational persuasion - Term Paper Example The bargain wilds intensely as the teachers are seriously on the neck of the government terming them not serious about the lives of the children who are not being taught, as the government is quite reluctant about their issues (Hoch 2004 pg 64-9). Through out the bargains, the government given the tough economic times tries to use rational persuasion to try to sway the angry teachers to class. This evident since the government has directed their negotiations towards the influential minorities that is the teachers’ consultees; they are trained and given non-factual promises by the government (Hoch 2004 pg 97). The promises are non- factual given that they do not give any timelines and are not giving any statistical figures in form of percentage increase of the mentioned benefits. The limitation of this is that the method would not suppress the angry teachers are they are already aware of the conning that the government is likely to direct to them. Faced with such a situation in the future, an integration of both factual and rational would be considered to relay quite convincing information. Scenario 2 Rational persuasion for security of a country There is a terrorist group, which is seriously terrorizing the citizens’ of the country jeopardizing the role of the government of protecting its citizens. Though power is held by the state, the group is reckless and does not mind hurting any individual as they have nothing much to lose. The government on the other hand is not in the position of attacking those head on, as this may lead to the group unleashing its potential on the innocent civilians through their poisonous biological weapons. The government has therefore the option of engaging... There is a terrorist group, which is seriously terrorizing the citizens’ of the country jeopardizing the role of the government of protecting its citizens. Though power is held by the state, the group is reckless and does not mind hurting any individual as they have nothing much to lose. The government on the other hand is not in the position of attacking those head on, as this may lead to the group unleashing its potential on the innocent civilians through their poisonous biological weapons. The government has therefore the option of engaging the group in a discussion for a negotiation, which cannot be factual as the terror group, cannot be promised facts given that this would be against the sovereignty of the state.   In the persuasion efforts, the government presents on the table goodies for the terror group and promises them to be integrated in the running of the government. They are therefore, invited to select their top officials or the individuals they entrusts with t he promised positions and the intention of the government inviting them to this table is to peacefully detain the officials without the followers awareness. This is a divide and rule technique of running the government as the result is directed towards making the followers realize that soon they are likely to be detained as their leaders hence scaring their activities and the harms they are likely to create to the government. The rebels on the other hand purpose a negotiation through representatives.

Discussion Board 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Board 6 - Assignment Example NASA was blamed for creating a cover up story as well as creating complex aircrafts and recognizing the risk without taking necessary precautions while BP did not get much blame for remaining true to the disaster’s outcome even though they ignored the risks behind their oil drilling project. (47). The oil industry spends most money on researching for safe drilling operation while ignoring the possible outcome of a disaster spillage (Meredith & Mantel, 2012). For instance, BP spends approximately 29 million dollars in a span of 3years on the research of safe drilling methods. Robert Wine, the company’s spokesman admitted that the company does not invest on oil spill cleanup researches but support the non-governmental ‘oil spill response organizations’. (48). Million dollar firms have public relation departments whose primary purpose is to respond to emergencies. For instance, the NASA took much of the blame from the Gulf oil spill due to its reaction to the disaster (Meredith & Mantel, 2012). In this case, multibillion dollar firm have public relation departments whose role is to respond to emergencies thus preventing the companies from incurring losses when responding to disaster. (49). The NASA and FMEA have both similarities and differences in there in their approach to risk. Both the NASA and FMEA have ways of protecting the might fail. They also have ways of estimating the likelihood of a fail (Meredith & Mantel, 2012). Both firms have ways of estimating the likelihood of failure occurrences and severity of the mission. However the FMEA has devised possible ways of protecting the might fail while NASA has not gone to such

Why is not ASEAN regionalism as successful as the EU

Why is not ASEAN regionalism as successful as the EU   Since the end of WWII, integration and regionalism has been the main focus for the study of international relations.   Peace was the main reason for creating a regional body, but since the fall of communism in the Soviet Union, the main focus on regionalism was on the economic.   The success of the integration in Europe had given the foundations of most of the earlier studies, which they tend to take Europe as a blueprint for the success in regionalism. Many third world regional bodies such as the ASEAN also look at Europe seriously because of its success.   By taking a comparative look at both organizations by their reasons to create a supranational body, the structures of both organizations; and evaluate them in terms of their successes, we can better understand both organizations. The integration process of Southeast Asia is very different from that of the EU in many ways that it creates the sense of uniqueness apart from the other regionalism around the world. Although it hopes to enjoy the same success as in Europe, there are many arguments whether it can achieve as much as Europe, such as in its past, the authoritarian style of governments, its economy structure, and its inability to solve disputes. The questions here lay in the future of ASEAN on which way is it going to go, and what it has to do to engulf successes of Europe. Right now regionalism that is undergoing in Southeast Asia is in a changing direction, economic success is seen as the main goal. The adaptation towards the European model acts as the guideline for the transformations. Nevertheless the need to understand the comparative work is very important towards future transformation in order to function as effectively as the EU model and to maintain the uniqueness of the ASIAN integration. The reasons behind ASEAN’s failure are the lack of institutions to enforce the structural co-operations from the members.   Part of understanding the background of both regions, looking i nto the history of the identity processing is necessary. There are debates about integration concerning the communal identities and the ideological structure that supports this. The comparative question over the identities of both organizations is why is it that the forming of the identity of Europe was more successful than the Southeast Asian region. What is the arguments concerning the identities of both organizations. With the EU, the question is based upon what are the factors that made up the European identity, and what determines what European is and what is not. Since there are many debates concerning that many of the benefits that helped built up the identity of Europe came from Asia, such as its polity, and its religion. The question concerning the ASEAN identity is whether there is a Southeast Asian identity in the first place and is the way things are set today, the proper way that things should be functioning? The fact that integration is a science that makes use of the pre-existing relationships between states members, an analysis of these prior relationships that build up both identities is critical in understanding the effectiveness of both organizations Research Questions Why is not ASEAN regionalism as successful as the EU? What are the main different characteristics of both organizations? What are the main similar characteristics of both organizations? Research Methodologies This study is a comparative analysis that focuses on secondary sources in order to obtain information pertaining the background, reasons, structures, and values of the EU and ASEAN. Hypotheses ASEAN regionalism is considered as a failure when compare to the EU in the degree of their reasons of their establishment, the differences in their values and structures. Reasons The European Union Security is the main concern for the EU since its beginning.   The threats form security exist both externally and internally.   The key actors here for the external security reasons were the Soviet Union, and the US, the threats of the Soviet Union for Europe was so great that America had to step in to help Europe in its rebuilding process in order to prevent Communist influences while keeping capitalism alive.   This involves pouring massive amount of money into reviving West Germany to an economically giant of Europe.   The formation of the EU was also received full support from the US, because of the integration process will benefit America by creating a bigger market for it to invest in, and a bigger trade bloc to trade to.   The forming of the EU will also allows the US to establish military bases in strategic locations in order to exercise its military power against Soviet threats. The building of the EU will also relieve the US from some of its responsibilities in t he world stage, creating a middle actor in the balancing of power from the US and the USSR.   Therefore the US support was very essential for the building of EU.   Internally, Europe at the time a war weary continent was going through a massive challenge in building itself.   Europe had gone through series of devastating wars; the most demolishing one of all was WWII.   After the end of the Second World War, most of Europes infrastructures were left destroyed from the strategic bombing from both the Allies, and the Nazi.   Europe was left to the state of rebuilding its infrastructure as same as its economy.   Most importantly it cannot afford another devastated war, the backdrop of this was the signing of the Coal and Steel Treaties, which was the major signing that will lead to the period of peace and security.   The Coal and Steel Treaties takes a look at the cause of European warfare in terms of the resources needed to build a war industry.   The main industry was steel and coal was needed to process it into weapons.   The idea was if Europe could break down the two industries, which were the resources that could lead to war and control and regulated it by a supranational governing body, then there will be a monitoring on the use of the two resources preventing another arm race from any country.   This is an example of a strong foundation of a strong supranational institution that limits some of the sovereignty that nation states use to have.   As later we will discuss the preambles written in this document in order to determine weather it was successful or not.   Although this treaty was not the foundation document of creating the EU, it was very important in the aspect of internal security and keeping peace and stability in the economy. ASEAN For SEA, security was also the main factor in forming a regional body.   Same as Europe, the Communist threats were the main threats from the external force as well as an internal force, so SEA had got a lot of support from America.   The theory behind this was called the Domino Effect Theory produced by George Kenneth, the secretary of state of the US administration during that time.   SEA was battling another front in the Cold War, and it was a potentially vulnerable front as well.   The fall of Vietnam then Laos then Cambodia gave the Domino effect theory its name, because countries who battle against communism in this region falls one by one similar to the dominoes, and the influence of the communism spread through the neighboring country.   Massive money was injected into the region in order to create strong capitalistic economic structures.   Military Dictatorship was very common in most of the countries, because it processed the strong authoritarian rule needed to counter communism.   External conflict lays solely on the threat from Vietnam, while an internal conflict was on the communist influences domestically that were big threats creating fragmentation in each country.   The evidence was the numbers of communist parties and their violence handling in each countries of SEA. For example, the bloodshed in Indonesia with General Suharto actions against PKI rallies which left many scholar to believe the number of death are between 200,000 to 500,000.    Although during this time, both regions are very similar in the external and internal reasons to strengthen co-operations in creating a secured community from communism, one major difference was that of the non-interference agreement signed by ASEAN members in the Bangkok Declaration, the founding treaties establishing ASEAN.   In Europe, the governments of the members had agreed in giving up limited sovereignty by creating supranational institutions to monitor, and to exercise its power such as the pooling of resources like coal and steel.   While ASEAN nations did not agreed on giving up any sovereignty by signing the non-interference agreement.   This will produce massive effects in the lacking of co-operations and monitoring body in ASEAN.   During this time each countries were focusing on building its own domestic economy by trading outside of their regions such as markets of Japan and the US rather than focusing on the intra trading activities.   Ironically ASEAN co-o perations was nothing more than an agreement not to co operate, focusing on building prosperity separately without intervening on each others affairs.   Until recently that ASEAN sees an essential need to integrate and co-operate regionally in order to prosper economically. Values In this part of the paper, we are looking at the completely different sets of values that will in turn influence the last point of the paper, which is organization structure drastically.   The contrast between two sets of values that lies in the organizations here is clear.   Regionalization of the SEA is very much different than the one of Europe. Because of the Asian way of thinking which tend to be authoritarian, many had argued that, SEA needed to find its own path rather than following Europes model of integration.   Unlike the EU, which had a strong foundation of regional/continental identity, the ASEAN identity had been a recent created identity.   The Southeast Asian people did not come up even with the technology employed to define national boarder lines but it was done from colonialism.   There was no common language like Europe had of Latin that was used to communicate in religion and states affairs.   There was no common religion like Christianity.   There w as no common law and order like Europe had from the Roman Empire or the establishment of democratic values from Greece.   Asian values tend to be authoritarian rather than liberalism in Europe. Authority is the most important thing above everything in Southeast Asia, while individualism and human rights is emphasized in Europe1.   The evidence determining this is in democracy, during the signing of the Treaty of Rome, each leader of the members were democratically elected leaders, while in Southeast Asia, leaders were military juntas and authoritarian ruler.   The reason behind this was the need for the strong ruling against the backdrop of communist threats from Indo China.   The military juntas were Field Marshall Thanom of Thailand, Marcos in the Phillippines, and Surhato in Indonesia, while the authoritarian leaders were Mahadthere in Malaysia, and Lee Guan Yuu of Singapore.   This is the very big difference we can see between the two different styles of polity.   Th is authoritarian value came from the pre-colonial period when the polities of SEA were in forms of Kingdoms and Sultanate states.   Power was circulated within the family like in the form of absolute monarchy.   Territories existed in a form of sphere of influence rather than a clear borderline.   This could explain the struggle of ASEAN nations to adapt to democracy during the post-colonial period.   Although democracy tendencies and structures were introduced and left behind by the colonial countries, the effect of communism just forced democracy backward, because of the need for a strong authoritarian rule to keep out communism This has made it more complicated during the post-Cold War era to switch from a military authoritarian rule to democracy.   This difference can be seen as authoritarianism of ASEAN versus democracy of EU, which contributed to the vast difference in value structures of both organizations.   In effect, the governments of ASEAN tend to focus domes tically in keeping their legitimacy and to remain in power rather than co-operating together.   As a result, this has made any regional interactions and decision-making done at the top level of the society by government leaders rather than benefitting people in all levels of the society.   This has made it acceptable for non- democratic countries like Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos to later join.   With the EU, it is a completely different story, according to the Copenhagen Criteria, the EU does not allows the joining of a non democratic countries, the criteria also includes the respect of human rights in each member countries and the opening up of a free market. Having standards of criteria for acceptance makes cooperation easier for the EU, when compared to the ASEAN where similar common grounds and agreements cannot be found.   Prior to the European colonization, the polities of SEA were in a form of kingdom, which was ruled in the form of monarchies. There were no clear boundaries or drawn territory of these kingdoms. Rather, the influences of these kingdom existed in form of a sphere of influences, which were submitted to China. There were no common languages, religion or shared sense of identity like existed in Europe. Since the beginning, the creation of national identities had been defined and brought on by western civilization during colonialism. The territorial boundaries were purely derived from an imaginary concept by the process of the competition among Western colonizers to gain the economical edge. Therefore, the cooperation that we can see in this period of this region was not between one another, but rather towards external influence. And the conflict between the colonizers had fueled the sentiment towards fragmentation between each nation state. A good example would be the position of Tha iland who sits as a buffer state between the French in Indo-China and the British in Burma and Malaya. The movement that could indicate a certain level of interaction during the colonial period between member countries would be the struggle for independent movement against the colonizers. These interactions however were done in a very small level and tended to be in the underground. Colonization had brought Asia its creation of modern national identities, along with a strong sense of non-interference between states in this region. This is a clear example of how external forces played a significant influence upon the region.   As a result, an external conflict that Southeast Asian found itself upon would lead to an internal conflict in the region that will be potentially threatening during the post-war era. The rivalries between Thailand and Myanmar which had already been going on for the last fifty years along with current issues over the refugee and drug trafficking, the territor ial dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia over Sabah, and the genocidal conflict of Cambodia and Vietnam. These conflicts would prove to be issues that are obstacles for the regional body to climb. Nevertheless, the regional body had to be formed due to a-threatening-growing-Chinese-influences with the enthusiastic support by the U.S. in a plan to combated communism. Although it was form under a security purposes there was little progress towards the economical interactions. This is due to the external trading ties each member countries had already been involved in. Due to the colonial legacy in this region, countries tend to look upon trading partners outside the region. Intra-trading level was very low considering making up only twenty percent of the regional income. Theses different mind sets for both organizations will reflects towards the different organization structures, as we will discuss this on the next chapter of the paper.   We are going to take the different perspective view of the EC on its institutions that aided integration process and the theories behind EU integration.   ASEAN integration structure is not as varies as the EU but it is worth comparing it to the EU anyways. Integration Structures Supranational VS Authoritarianism Integration is a linkage between two or more independent actors to extend or broaden the authority through economic co-operations, losing sovereignty by changing domestic regulation and policy moving to the supranational body. The question here is why do some integration so successful and why do some don’t? The EU is one of the few organizations that had been successful with its integration. A big part of its success comes from its capability to establish institutions and policies that became clearly defined sets of rules. These sets of rules therefore became superior to domestic law of the member states of the Union. This structure that had been created by the European polity has given planting ground for intraregional trade and investment. And it had replaced and brought a war-torn Europe that was known for inner continental warfare and economic differentiations, prosperity and stability. But when comparing the EU’s success to ASEAN, it is too soon to determine if the ASEAN organization is a success or a failure. Although the ASEAN is trying to copy EU success by using and adapting to the methods used in Europe, the two regions are very different in terms of backgrounds creating their identities and the nature to co-operation between each other.    The difference level of success of any regionalism lays on it how much the regional actor can enforce their rules over national domestic law. This brings us to the institutionalization of integration. By joining the organization, state actors are expected to give up its sovereignty to the communal authority. With the case of the EU the institution that monitors the integration process is the European Court of Justice or the ECJ. The ECJ provides the jurisdiction over varies of actions, such as the actions brought to them by member states, or an individual within the community. It established the framework for the constitutionalization of the Treaty by providing links between the Court and sub national actors to their lawyers, and sub national courts. An example for this was the case of Gend and Loos in 1963 when their attempt to import goods did not fall in the legal framework of the Dutch government, but was accepted according to the Treaty of Rome, which was the product of the EU institutionalization. They have brought their case to the ECJ to determine whether they needed to follow the Dutch domestic law or the EU’s. As it turned out the Dutch government lost to the Rome regulations. This had marked the start of the EU as the correct regulation to be applied. It also marked the power of the regional body like the ECJ over the domestic national government such as the Dutch. This is one of many examples of how national government body had given up its power to the supranational authority. Therefore government has to react to the demand for integration. The court plays vital roles in monitoring and enforcing role in integration. The effectiveness of the EU lies on its ability in its enforcing mechanism. The Supremacy doctrines states that the EU has primacy over national legislation, while the Direct Effect doctrine provides the rights for the citizens of the member country the direct access to the EU court without having to go through the national government. Individuals can choose to take direct legal actions against their own government if the government fails to meet up with the rules that were agreed with the EU.   The direct intervention of the third party of a supranational institution such as the ECJ is one of the greatest successes of integration in Europe. There are numbers of different theories supporting the EU integrations in creating the supranational institution; the most common ones that are worth mentioning are theories of Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism, and Intergovernmentalism.   These are the theories circling the study of International relations that most political scientists have agreed upon.   Ã‚     Functionalism is an international relations theory that became widely known from president Woodrow Wilsons fourteen points speech. It expressed strong concern over the role of the State as a form of social organization that was becoming out of date and ineffective. It offers a counter view from that of Realism that view nation states should be driven by their own individual self-interest, functionalists’ focus on common shared interests by states and non-state actors. It view that functionalism is an effect of the process globalization which integration is triggered by the fading of state sovereignty and the advances in knowledge shared by scientists and experts effecting the tradition of policy-making.   Functionalism proposed to build a form of authority based in functions and needs, which linked authority with needs, scientific knowledge, expertise and technology, creating a supranational concept of authority.   The Coal and Steel Treaty is the evidence of the raise of a supranational body that was a product of Functionalism, which gave the body, controls and regulations to all of the coal and steel production of Western Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Neo-functionalists focused their attention in the process of integration among states, i.e. regional integration. Initially, states integrate in limited functional or economic areas.   Thereafter, partially integrated states experience increasing momentum for further rounds of integration in related areas. This invisible hand of integration phenomenon was termed spill-over. by the neo-functionalist school. Although integration can be resisted, it becomes harder to stop integrations reach as it progresses.   There are two kinds of â€Å"spill-over†, which are functional spillovers and political spillovers.   Functional spill over explains the interconnections between various economic sectors and issues areas.   Political spillover explains the setting up of international institutions like the European Union and the United Nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Intergovernmentalism is the theory arguing Neo-Functionalism, and rejects it.   According to Standley Hoffman, any increase in power at supranational level, he argues, results from a direct decision by governments. He believed that integration, driven by national governments, was often based on the domestic political and economic issues of the day. The theory rejects the concept of the â€Å"spill-over† effect that neo-functionalism proposes. He also rejects the idea that supranational organizations are on an equal level in their political influence as national governments.   His argument lays on the fact that if Neo-Functionalism is the main theory that drives integration, then how do you explain the period of inertia in regional co-operation when there was a diverge national interests.   And the role of governments is in the unparallel national policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Realism is the international study theory that explains the anarchy nature of international affair could be use to conceptualize Southeast Asian states.   McCormicks comparison between Functionalisms to Realism below could be use to characterized EU to ASEAN.   As the ASEAN nations tend to focus on military security in the early stage, the evidence in this is the non-interference agreement that was signed by each member states.   While the Coal and Steel Treaty aims to maintain peace and to promote prosperity from pooling of resources through co-operation between member states.   In turn, EU nations were trying to promote security by collaborating with each other while ASEAN was trying to maintain security through building domestic power by non-interference.   The nations of SEA make their policies with the use of military force and economy, while the EU uses negotiation.   ASEAN is also known for the lack of continuity of policies from the constant shift of control over the authority and power. The EU nations, on the other hand, focus on low politics like economical and social issues.   International organizations has very limited power because the states simply do not listen to them, in the contrary, in Europe the role of government is limiting as the international organization has power to regulates policies which governments has to obey.   These points clearly show the drastic contrast between the two organizations. Comparing Functionalism to Realism John McCormick compares Functionalisms fundamental principles with Realisms thus (comments added to emphasize key distinctions): Realism Functionalism Comments Dominant goals of actors Military security Peace and prosperity security through: Power vs collaboration Instruments of state policy Military force and economic instruments Economic instruments and political acts of will State policy of assertion vs negotiation Forces behind agenda formation Potential shifts in the balance of power and security threats Initial emphasis on low politics, such as economic and social issues Agenda sought: maintenance of position vs reaching consensus Role of international organizations Minor; limited by state power and the importance of military force

Ensuring Freedom by Preserving the Values of Trade Unions Essay

Ensuring Freedom by Preserving the Values of Trade Unions Thoughtful committed citizens are the only thing that have ever changed the world. —Margaret Mead Anti-union sentiment is increasingly pervading American culture. In fact, one critic says, â€Å"The United States in now on the verge of a risky experiment: to become the first parliamentary democracy in modern world history without a substantial trade union movement† (Lichtenstein 66). In addition to weakening bargaining power, the judicial system allows workers to resign in the midst of a strike and scab on coworkers. A huge number of professionals and supervisors were even deemed exempt from representation (Lichtenstein 66). Legislation and corporate wealth are eroding the power of organized labor and thereby obfuscating workplace democracy; extinguishing employee rights; eroding the living standards of working, working- poor, and middle class Americans; muting the voice of minorities; retarding environmental improvements; increasing corporate domination of politics; and auguring exploitation of workers throughout the world. However, a significant portion of freedoms, to which Americans have become accustomed, would be greatly diminished or non-existent without the social values that are embodied by organized labor. Evidence suggests that employers seldom behave democratically without the mandate of a higher authority such as the government or a union. It is no wonder that workplace dictatorships are becoming a widespread phenomenon as government regulations fail to adequately protect workers but enhance the power of employers: â€Å"Fear of being fired, downsized, laid off, of not making pension time, poverty in a new economy, of part-time and insecure, low-paid jobs, an... ...titute, 1997. Lawrence, Vince. â€Å"John Sweeney’s Militant Unionism.† The New Republic 6 Oct. 1997: 23 - 24. LeRoy, Greg. â€Å"The Terrible Ten.† The Progressive 28 May 1999: 27 - 30. Lichtenstein, Nelson. â€Å"Work Rights, Individual Rights.† Dissent Spring 1997: 66 - 72. Mantois, Gregory. A New Labor Movement for the New Century. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998. Moberg, David. â€Å"Union Pension Power.† The Nation 1 June 1998: 16 - 19. Puddington, Arch. â€Å"Is Labor Back?† Commentary July 1998: 39 - 42. Shribman, David. â€Å"Big Labor Gets Its Act Together.† Fortune 29 Sept. 1997: 60 - 61. Silbiger, Stephen. â€Å"State of Unions.† National Review 26 Jan. 1998: 20 - 21. Smith, Peter. â€Å"The Fractured World of the Temporary Worker.† Journal of Labour 22.2 (‘1998): 414 -427. Wells, Don. â€Å"Labour Solidarity Goes Global.† Canadian Dimension 32.2 (1998): 33 - 39.

Management strategy and practice of the nokia corporation ltd

INTRODUCTIONNokia Corporation Ltd is one of the topmost mobile phone manufacturing companies. It manufactures a wide range of mobile phone handsets that befit and satisfy consumer demand. It is based in the South West part of Finland.ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREWith its headquarters based in Singapore, Nokia Corporation operates in various geographical locations. The enterprise is further categorized into different business segments with each specializing in specific operations:  Nokia Treasury Asia: – This is based in the headquarters and serves the corporation’s subsidiaries of the Pacific (Asian). This region serves as the banking unit by providing a wide range of financial services.Japan/ China region: – These regions specialize in Research and Development. It is the ‘epicenter’ of new innovations/technology and new brand implementation.  Within the America’s region, Nokia Corporation has assembly, IT solutions and program design business units.In general, the company has a flat organizational structure. This is because of few levels of management (about six). The chairman, who doubles as the President is deputized by the vice Chairman (Vice President). This Manager has only four executives below him. This structure is a form of strategy for the corporation as it reduces bureaucracy and enhances both the flow of information and the decision-making process.NOKIA’S INCOME STATEMENTSThe most recent quarte’s Revenue is â‚ ¬ 9,856 millionThe net income figure during the same period was â‚ ¬ 979 million.The company’s current stock price as at 11.03 AM, 07/19/07 is $ 29.81.The previous price was $29.73. I expect the stock price to grow in the next quarter. This is due to the high demand of the company’s stocks due to its high profitability and performance in the Stock Market.FINANCIAL STRATEGIESThe Corporation operates in patents and rights. These include the GSM/WCDMA and CDMA2000. These h ave led to advantages like reduction of production and operating costs. The management of the company uses internal growth/financing that is expensive in terms of interest charges. Because of this, it issues ordinary shares when finances have to be raised. It also uses its retained earnings which are sufficient owing to its optimal dividend policy.In order to increase its profitability and market share, Nokia Corporation has entered into a joint venture with other telecommunication companies like Sanyo.  And in order to attract a competitive advantage over other companies in the industry, Nokia Corporation has embarked on acquisitions. An example is Intellisync plc in February 2006.Another of the firm’s strategy is that of mergers with other telecommunication companies. This has seen the company merging with Siemens AG in June 2006. This according to the management will give the company enviable synergistic advantages such as reduction of operating expenses. It would also e nable the company tap more expertise as well as bar new entrants from joining the industry.The investment division carries out financial plans and analysis before undertaking any financial ventures. This is geared towards risk reduction and investments on projects that can only yield positive net benefits in present value terms.Through the Finance Department, the company also carries out sensitivity analysis to determine the effect of changing certain financial parameters on the outcomes. These include the discounting rates, economic life of projects,e.t.c.In order to reduce its financial risk Nokia corporation diversifies its investments by investing in a portfolio form. These range from treasury bills, to mutual funds and other long-term projects.MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES.One of Nokia Corporation’s   management strategies is brand/design. The Corporation is the leading in in product modification, producing a wide range of Nokia handsets. It is through this that a company can gain the loyalty and confidence of the customers. The phones also have very fascinating ring tones, games and even internet solutions. They have designed them in a way that they are user friendly.The human resource department of the company comprises of experienced and highly skilled and motivated staff. The firm employs better recruitment and selection methods in fulfilling the staffing function.The management of Nokia carries out frequent environmental surveys to determine what they can be able to explore from the environment( opportunities) and what dangers the same environment poses on it (threats). This analysis is important because through it, Nokia corporation identifies the strengths at its disposal that can enable them make use of the opportunities. They also determine their   weaknesses   and how these are likely to hinder their success.In order to avoid high labor turnover especially skilled and expertise, the company adopts betters and attractive wage packages for it s employees and other perquisites. They are also actively involved in core decision making processes thus making them feel part and parcel of the organization. When it comes to conflict resolution, the management uses the collaborative style to resolve organizational conflicts. These tend to give both parties in conflict a win-win situation by giving every party equal satisfaction.Another Nokia’s management strategy is time management. In the Nokia working environment, time is the most essential asset. This resource is highly valued as idle capacity is   costly to the organization. The management, in a chart form has laid down ways in which staff and all other employees can be able to properly manage time. Every employee is required to set his/ her objectives which he/she wants to accomplish. The goals have to be prioritized   with each employee having his own individual working schedules.REFERENCEShttps://www.finance.com/credit-cards/compare-credit-cards/citi.action?ID=m ost-popular-credit-cards

Priestly exposes weakness Essay Example

Priestly exposes weakness Essay Example Priestly exposes weakness Paper Priestly exposes weakness Paper An Inspector Calls is full of lies and deceit; write fully about how Priestly exposes weakness and wickedness, not only in the characters on stage but also in society.  In order to look at the essay question properly we have to look at literature as part of wider society. The story takes place during the early 20th century.  Its author JB Priestly doesnt just examine an introverted Edwardian family, the Birlings, but uses them to represent the microcosmic world of upper class Edwardian society. Thus using them to reveal the social injustice that occurred in Edwardian society. So any comment made about the Birling family by Priestly refers to the whole of Edwardian upper class society. During the Edwardian period, society was split into two halves. Either you were a rich industrialist like, Mr Birling, or a poor factory worker like Eva Smith, but for the Birlings it was an era in which they had total power and control over the deprived. The story is set in the pleasant house of the Birlings, who are a typical Edwardian family. The unravelling of the plot begins with a police inspector, Goole, and his investigation of the Birlings. He investigates each member of the familys involvement in the suicide of Eva Smith and the dignified and respectable reputations of the Birling family household are consequently revealed as overstatements. This causes the audience to question the morale standing of the rest of Edwardian society.  Lets now begin by looking at the characters, not only in isolation, but as how they represent social types. Looking first at Eric Birling we can see that Priestly portrays him as a half shy, half assertive person, leaving him with a contradictive personality. He represents a figure of young Edwardian men, set in the future to take over their fathers businesses, which was the tradition at this time. Unfortunately Eric is different; he has his own views on society and disagrees with his fathers methods in politics. Eric grows up to be a rather immature young man, in his spare time he likes to get squithy which was the term used for getting drunk. Perhaps Erics drunken behaviour can be explained as his way of expressing his carefree and poor liability in life. In reference to the essay question, Erics wickedness is shown when he impregnates Eva Smith/Daisy Renton. He is the last link in the chain of events leading to Evas suicide. The night of Erics casual affaire with Miss Smith is perceived to him as a mistake on the end of a drunken evening. His weakness is shown when, in an attempt to act responsible he steals (not having any money) from his fathers account, offering support to Miss Smith and her baby. Eva Smith rejects Eric after discovering how he got the money. Eric is sorry for his actions and accepts responsibility as the last link in the chain of events which lead to Miss Smiths death. Eric has to deal with this himself as he hasnt got a close bond with the rest of the family. Sheila Birling is another member of the Birling household. She represents a stereotypical Edwardian spoilt child. Priestly portrays her as sort of a daddys girl melodramatic and selfish. She shows these qualities when she influences the dismissal of Eva smith, who at this point was employed in a shop where Miss Birling was considered a valued costumer, a perfect example of the wickedness in Edwardian society. The reason; simply because Eva Smith appeared better any a dress which had intrigued Miss Birling. Situations such as the one between Eva Smith and Sheila went on all over Edwardian society. To the rich appearance was everything. The inspector reveals to the audience another side of Sheila Birling a more sympathetic side. Perhaps Sheila Birling can be distinguished from the rest of the family as being one of the characters, along with Eric who accepted responsibility for their actions. Not many people can redeem themselves after committing such a shallow crime as the one Sheila committed against Eva Smith, certainly not anyone from Edwardian upper class society. But Miss Birling was able to. She becomes of age during the remainder of the play, sharing the inspectors views on society. Gerald Croft, Sheilas husband to be is, represents a man in his late twenties and is about to reach the high point of his manhood. The inspectors questioning of Gerald Croft reveals him to be man far from deserving his respectable reputation. The inspector unveils Geralds involvement by revealing him as the third link in a constant chain of events. It was shown that Gerald had an affaire with one Daisy Renton, who as we know was Eva Smith. The announcement of the name Daisy Renton by the inspector was responded with a sudden shock from Gerald. At this point Sheila points out to Gerald that he has given himself away. Gerald is discomforted of knowing that Sheila is present as the inspector questions him. I an attempt to prevent Miss Birling from hearing the explicit details of his affaire and to protect himself he requests for Miss Birling to be excused.  I think Ms Birling ought to be excused from anymore questioning, this maybe too disturbing and unpleasant.

The Débarrasser (to Clear) French Verb Conjugations

The Dà ©barrasser (to Clear) French Verb Conjugations In French, the verb  dà ©barrasser  means to clear or to rid (someone or something) of. When you want to say the past tense of got rid of or the present tense of clearing, then a verb conjugation is required. A quick French lesson will explain exactly how thats done. Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ©barrasser Dà ©barrasser  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows the most common verb conjugation pattern found in the French language. The infinitive endings added to the verb stem  dà ©barrass-  are the same you will use for words like  dà ©barquer  (to land), attraper  (to catch), and many others. That makes learning each just a little easier. To transform  dà ©barrasser  to the present, future, or imperfect past tense, find the appropriate subject pronoun in the table. This will guide you to the appropriate verb to use in your sentence. For instance, I clear is je dà ©barrasse and we will clear is nous dà ©barrasserons. This is all quite simple when you take the time to study the conjugations. The endings are not difficult, but the length of this word may be the most challenging part of the lesson. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dbarrasse dbarrasserai dbarrassais tu dbarrasses dbarrasseras dbarrassais il dbarrasse dbarrassera dbarrassait nous dbarrassons dbarrasserons dbarrassions vous dbarrassez dbarrasserez dbarrassiez ils dbarrassent dbarrasseront dbarrassaient The Present Participle of Dà ©barrasser The  present participle  of dà ©barrasser  is formed by adding -ant  to the verb stem. This creates the verb  dà ©barrassant, which can also act as an adjective, gerund, or even a noun in some circumstances. A Past Tense Form of  Dà ©barrasser The imperfect past tense is not your only option for expressing I got rid of in French. You can also use the  passà © composà ©. To do so, you must conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  according to the subject pronoun used, then add the  past participle  dà ©barrassà ©. For example, I got rid of is jai dà ©barrassà © and we got rid of is nous avons dà ©barrassà ©. Remember that this can also work for a translation of have cleared. More Simple Dà ©barrasser Conjugations to Know There may also be times when you will need one of the following forms of  dà ©barrasser. The subjunctive verb mood is used when the action is uncertain did you really clear it? for example. Similarly, the conditional verb mood implies that the action will only happen if something else does.   Primarily found in literature and formal writing, you may not need to use the passà © simple nor the imperfect subjunctive. However, you should be able to recognize and associate these with  dà ©barrasser Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dbarrasse dbarrasserais dbarrassai dbarrassasse tu dbarrasses dbarrasserais dbarrassas dbarrassasses il dbarrasse dbarrasserait dbarrassa dbarrasst nous dbarrassions dbarrasserions dbarrassmes dbarrassassions vous dbarrassiez dbarrasseriez dbarrasstes dbarrassassiez ils dbarrassent dbarrasseraient dbarrassrent dbarrassassent The imperative verb form is often used in exclamations and short, direct commands or requests. When using this one, skip the subject pronoun: simplify tu dà ©barrasse to  dà ©barrasse. Imperative (tu) dbarrasse (nous) dbarrassons (vous) dbarrassez

Same sex couples adoting children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Same sex couples adoting children - Essay Example Same sex couples are denied adoption of children on the assumption that children suffer in the process. Stability of homosexual relationships, suitability as parents, the ability of the children of same sex to cope with the family environment, the same parental anxieties and responsibilities experienced by the same sex parents are reasons enough to allow adoption by the same sex couples. According to Buxton and Warner adoption allows children whose parents cannot care for them to be placed within a family environment. It is a legal process by which the connection between the biological parents and the child is severed and new ties are formed between the child and the adoptive parents. Thus the legal rights are handed over to the adoptive parents and hence the welfare of the adopted child is of great importance to any state. The state has a right to determine if the adopted child is under the right care and is being given a healthy development environment. Initially women that could not conceive would go in for adoption but now with the same sex parents, adoption is becoming commonplace. Same sex parenting through adoption is taking place in countries like United States, Australia, Europe and Canada. The basis of decision in allowing adoptions is no more restricted to sexual orientation and marital status. Emotional security, stability and serving in the best interes t of the child govern the decision for allowing adoption of a child. Sexual orientation does not negatively impact the quality of parenting. There is ample empirical evidence to support the view that same sex parents are as successful in parenting as the heterosexual parents. Buxton and Warner find that no differences have been found in children from the two types of families in self-esteem, psychological development and peer-relationships. There is no evidence to suggest that adult children of same sex parents identify themselves as gay or lesbians. The desire for

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

ART - Essay Example he existing relationship between the two concepts is that both aim to achieve visual effects in a composition (Bartel 52).This paper will discuss the works of Leonardo da Vinci’s, The Last Supper 1498, Henri Matisse’s, the Red Room, early 20th century, Vincent van Gogh’s, Starry Nights late 1800s and finally Maya Lin’s Civil Rights Memorial, Atlanta 1989 in sub-sections while relating them to the elements and principles of design. When I closely take a look at the picture, the apostle’s faces are filled with curiosity and anxiety. Here, the element of intensity manifests itself as one analyzes their emotional expression. The artist highly displays comprehension of the apostle’s feelings. On the other hand I may view this element as a clue to the real emotions experienced by Leonardo, he might be challenging his emotions by masking them but in reality he manifests them in the apostles. Their figures are shifting to form three figure groups and in turn between them a space appears. The unity principle can be used to explain the close relationships forming among the apostles, whereas, the space indicates a new beginning in the Italian revolution. People will have different views and start breaking close bonds to unite with the appropriate friends. This tends to explain the principle of balance where the apostles are in search of a visual equilibrium or rather those they share common grounds with. ( Bartel 53). The air element inside the room might seem tensed but looking outside one sees a peaceful quiet environment. This in turn extinguishes some tension within the room as the air outside mixes with the air inside to create a balance. The use of shapes is also evident on this picture; Jesus Christ is at the center of the table in alignment with the rectangular walls, ceiling board and the windows depicting value and depth. His head is keenly centered vertically and horizontally. In terms of color, the left wall is fairly bright as compared to the right