Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy :: Divine Comedy Inferno Essays

Divine comedy   Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy is said to be the single greatest desperate metrical composition of exclusively time. The opening story of the character of Dante the Pilgrim is told in the first of the collar divisions The Inferno. The Inferno is a description of Dantes journey down with Hell and of the somewhat(prenominal) degrees of suffering and many mythical creatures that he encounters on the way. Throughout his travel Dante let outs many different feelings and actions but the emotion that summarizes the entire poem is worship. While some of his character traits change as his mind matures and acknowledges the justice being carried out, from the very beginning until the final Canto, his fear does not subside. This does well to fortify the symbolism of Dante as Everyman and serves to direct the reader to the moral purpose of Divine Comedy, because of the humility and dependence upon God that fear produces. In the first Canto, which serves as an inco ming to the entire comedy, Dante encounters the three beasts which impede his progress out of the grubby woods. Coming upon the She-Wolf he writes This last beast brought my spirit down so low / with fear that seized me at the push-down stack of her, / lost all hope of going up the hill (I.52-54). Dante is so shaken by the appearances of the three beasts that he rushes headlong into the dark woods he has just come out of. This is only the first obstacle Dante encounters, but it proves an insurmountable one.   When Dante and Virgil reach the gate of Hell, Dante is overcome with fear upon interlingual rendition the inscription supra the gate and hearing the screams and lamentations of those inside. He reacts to the inscription by crying out, &8216Master, I said, &8216these words I see argon cruel. (III.12). By this he shows his fear of the unknown because he does not yet know exactly what he will witness during his descent. One of Dantes truest display of fear occurs u pon compass the vile City of Dis. When the fallen angels deny the travelers access through the city, Virgil, usually unflappable, even appears shaken up. Understandably, this does not help Dantes restiveness at all. He actually makes a side comment to the reader declaring the terror he matt-up after the angels had defied Virgils request saying And now, my reader, dish out how I felt / when those foreboding words came to my ears / I thought Id never see our world again (VIII.Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy Divine Comedy Inferno Essays Divine Comedy   Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy is said to be the single greatest epic poem of all time. The opening story of the character of Dante the Pilgrim is told in the first of the three divisions The Inferno. The Inferno is a description of Dantes journey down through Hell and of the several degrees of suffering and many mythical creatures that he encounters on the way. Throughout his travel Dante displays many different feelings and ac tions but the emotion that summarizes the entire poem is fear. While some of his character traits change as his mind matures and acknowledges the justice being carried out, from the very beginning until the final Canto, his fear does not subside. This does well to reinforce the symbolism of Dante as Everyman and serves to direct the reader to the moral purpose of Divine Comedy, because of the humility and dependence upon God that fear produces. In the first Canto, which serves as an introduction to the entire comedy, Dante encounters the three beasts which impede his progress out of the dark woods. Coming upon the She-Wolf he writes This last beast brought my spirit down so low / with fear that seized me at the sight of her, / lost all hope of going up the hill (I.52-54). Dante is so shaken by the appearances of the three beasts that he rushes headlong into the dark woods he has just come out of. This is only the first obstacle Dante encounters, but it proves an insurmountable one.   When Dante and Virgil reach the gate of Hell, Dante is overcome with fear upon reading the inscription above the gate and hearing the screams and lamentations of those inside. He reacts to the inscription by crying out, &8216Master, I said, &8216these words I see are cruel. (III.12). By this he shows his fear of the unknown because he does not yet know exactly what he will witness during his descent. One of Dantes truest display of fear occurs upon reaching the vile City of Dis. When the fallen angels deny the travelers access through the city, Virgil, usually unflappable, even appears shaken up. Understandably, this does not help Dantes nerves at all. He actually makes a side comment to the reader declaring the terror he felt after the angels had defied Virgils request saying And now, my reader, consider how I felt / when those foreboding words came to my ears / I thought Id never see our world again (VIII.

Ball Bearings :: essays research papers

The object of ball comportments (and roller tutelages) is the substitution of pure rolling motion for plain sliding friction. Ball Bearings rely on the rolling motion of hardened steel balls to absorb fill. This rolling motion produces far less friction than the sliding motion. These steel balls are held in visor rows between an outer and inner ring, which ache raceways, or slots, grooved into them to guide the balls. Ball bearings are available in both filling-slot and no filling-slot types. Other types of bearings have developed from these basic designs, like double-row and deep groove bearings, to handle specific application. No filling-slot bearings have a deep uninterrupted raceway, which allows them to carry both high-pitched radiate loads as well as moderate Thrust loads. Filling-slot bearings have more balls than no filling bearings of comparable size. This gives them a higher radial load capacity, but Thrust loads must be light.Types of Ball bearing systemsRigid und ivided row ball bearing. - Basic type of bearing widely used. The balls run in comparatively deep grooved tracks, which make the bearing suitable for both radial (journal) load and axial thrust load. The bearing provides location of the shaft in relation to the housing when provided with suitable means of clamping.Rigid single row bearing with filling slots for balls. - This bearing contains more balls than the streamer type and can therefore take heavier radial loads but only limited thrust.Rigid double row bearing. - For heavy radial loads and to provide greater rigidity. Requires accurate location if used in conjunction with another bearing.Self-aligning double row bearing. - For applications in which slight deflexions cannot be avoided when rotating.Aligning single row bearing. - This bearing will correct initial angular misalignment between shaft and housing but is not designed to give shaft deflection or misalignment when rotating.Angular contact single row bearing. - Gives precise axial location under thrust load. May be used in pairs to accommodate thrust in either direction.Duplex bearing. - Used to take heavy thrust in either direction or some radial load.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE WAY WORDSWORTH AND HUGHES WRITE ABOUT NATURE E

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE WAY WORDSWORTH AND HUGHES WRITE ABOUT temperIN THEIR POEMS DAFFODILS AND THISTLESHughes wrote the poem Thistles which is about how these plants atomic number 18.He speaks about them as if they were a sign of violence, and violentcreatures. He views them as a symbol of vengeance, pain and threat.The thistles atomic number 18 spiky and can hurt anyone. They are dull, immortal,green, rough, and produce a big amount of chaos, written inWordsworth on the separate hand, wrote about Daffodils which are sharpgolden flowers. They look vivid, colourful and peaceful. These flowersproduce a state of calm, sweet and memorable moments. Written inromantic era of literature, in 1804Each poet creates a different mood in their poems. Hughes wasting disease ofimagery creates a bad and nasty mood. It even creates horrible andmean moods, and sometimes a scary mood. The use of imagery has areason to it as well the purpose of it is to make people get avision, a sm each(preno minal) scene, and a picture in their minds of what thistleslook like, and what they do to be so painful. Hughes way of usingimagery is good as it explains whatever he sees it shows that he canuse other things or words to explain his views. An example of thisimagery is the line that says everyone manages a plume of blood thismakes people think that everyone has a river of blood on them, so itbrings a horrible scene into peoples minds. Wordsworth doesnt usemuch imagery but whenever he does, he uses it in such a way thatpeople want to continue to require the poem a few more(prenominal) times. His was ofusing imagery makes people get a refined and pleasant view of thedaffodils, like for example in the line tossing their heads insprightly dance this shows t... ...w, which makes you want tokeep the scene in mind all the time and makes you think about thedaffodils. But, when you think about the scene of the thistles poem,it isnt as nice and pleasant. This is because the thistles repres enta battle, a fight, in which death is involved, when you read it, itreminds you of wars, of fires and all unpleasant memories. Thedaffodils basically show happiness and joy to everyone, that is why Iprefer it. The words that the poet uses in order to describe the poemare exceedingly special as they describe the location in which thedaffodils can be found and admired. In the poem he doesnt talk aboutthe daffodils beside the lake, it also talks about how it affected hislife and how he kept on thinking in the daffodils after being in thelake. This poem is more memorable than the thistles one, which is whyI prefer it more.

Afghan Women and Their Horror Essay -- essays research papers

A womans life in Afghanistan is one of the most shocking and devastating truths. It wasnt until September 11th 2001 that the universe of discourse awoke to the relevance of womens issues to international peace and security. However, its been two years since and the lives of Afghan women have improved only slightly. Harassment, violence, illiteracy, poverty and extreme repression continue to stipulate reality for many afghan women.Under the Taliban, ultraconservative Islamic ideas combined with misogynistic and patriarchal tribal culture resulted in numerous edicts aimed at the control and conquering of Afghan women (Womenwarpeace.org). Women were denied all rights both civil and political. They were denied the right to free assembly, freedom of movement and the right to personal security.According to a March 2003 International Crisis congregation report, the civil war created by the Taliban produced 50,000 widows in Kabul alone. They were denied employment and as a result many h ad to result to begging in order to offer up for their families. Their sparing burden continued to increased as they became responsible for their familys security and income, a situation complicated by the fact that women had limited economic and educational opportunities. It made women very vulnerable to exploitative situations such as prostitution, indentured servitude and drug trafficking to support themselves and their...

Importance of Social Class in Charles Dickenss Great Expectations :: Free Great Expectations Essays

Importance of Social Class in Charles Dickenss Great Expectations Social class played a study role in the society depicted in Charles Dickenss Great Expectations. Social class determined the manner in which a person was treated and their price of admission to education. Yet, social class did not define the character of the individual. Many characters were treated differently because of their social class in Great Expectations. Seeing the contrast among how the poor and the rich were treated will give a clearer understanding of how much social class mattered. In chapter 27 when Joe comes to see rack up, he treats Joe in a different manner than before because Joe was now in a lower social class. His feelings about Joes arrival were Not with pleasure... I had the sharpest sensitiveness as to his being seen by Drummle. (p. 203). He was afraid that Drummle will look down on him because of Joes lower class. Not only does slay treat Joe differently, Joe also treats Pip differently because of their difference in social class. He begins to call Pip sir which bothered him because sir was the title given to people of higher class. Pip felt that they were windlessness good friends and that they should treat each other as equals. Joe soon leaves and explains his early parting, Pip, dear old chap, life is made of ever so many partings welded together, as I may say, and whiz mans a blacksmith, and ones a whitesmith, and ones a goldsmith, and ones a coppersmith. Diwisions among such must come.... (p. 209). He creates this metaphor than he is a common blacksmith and Pip is a goldsmith. This difference in social class had brought upon their separation. Other characters that were also judged by their social class were Magwitch and Compeyson. They were both on trial for the same plague but Compeyson got off easier than Magwitch because of his higher social class. Magwitch describes Compeysons defense speech, ...here you has afore you, side by si de, two persons as your eyes can separate wide one, the younger, well brought up... one the elder, ill brought up... which is the worst one? (p. 325). The decision of the trial was solely based upon social class appearance.

Importance of Social Class in Charles Dickenss Great Expectations :: Free Great Expectations Essays

Importance of Social Class in Charles Dickenss Great Expectations Social class played a major role in the society pictured in Charles Dickenss Great Expectations. Social class determined the manner in which a person was treated and their access to education. Yet, amicable class did not place the character of the individual. Many characters were treated differently because of their amicable class in Great Expectations. Seeing the contrast between how the poor and the rich were treated give give a clearer understanding of how much companionable class mattered. In chapter 27 when Joe comes to see Pip, he treats Joe in a different manner than beforehand because Joe was now in a lower social class. His feelings about Joes arrival were Not with pleasure... I had the sharpest sensitiveness as to his being seen by Drummle. (p. 203). He was terror-struck that Drummle will look down on him because of Joes lower class. Not only does Pip treat Joe differently, Joe also tre ats Pip differently because of their difference in social class. He begins to call Pip sir which bformer(a)ed him because sir was the title given to people of higher class. Pip felt that they were still good friends and that they should treat each other as equals. Joe soon leaves and explains his early parting, Pip, dear old chap, life is made of ever so many partings welded together, as I may say, and one mans a blacksmith, and ones a whitesmith, and ones a goldsmith, and ones a coppersmith. Diwisions among such must come.... (p. 209). He creates this metaphor than he is a common blacksmith and Pip is a goldsmith. This difference in social class had brought upon their separation. Other characters that were also judged by their social class were Magwitch and Compeyson. They were both on trial for the same crime but Compeyson got off easier than Magwitch because of his higher social class. Magwitch describes Compeysons defense speech, ...here you has afore you, side by si de, two persons as your eyes can separate wide one, the younger, well brought up... one the elder, ill brought up... which is the worst one? (p. 325). The decision of the trial was solely based upon social class appearance.

Nursing Practice

My nursing class period has been characterized by a marked revolution from the general wards to the intensive c ar unit. Nevertheless, my look upons break remained intact. Initially, I must admit, I believed that patients had no role in de confinesining the medication or preventive they receive. However, since I came to know about it, in a nursing class, the value of decision-making independence has guided my practice.I learnt the value in class, thus, my definition of the term is influenced by Fahrenwald et al., who defined decision-making autonomy as the act of allowing patients to make their own decisions regarding diagnosis and treatments, albeit after receiving all relevant avowation (2005). The value of decision-making autonomy and working with patients under(a) intensive c atomic number 18 bugger off shaped my understanding of soulfulness-centered care and its relevance to nursing, as a profession and a practice.In the ICU, it is easy to view the person as average a patient. However, I have deliberately chosen to consider them people who are just momentarily inconvenienced by illness. As a nurse, I am in agreement with Ross, Tod, & Clarkes (2015) observation that the definition and use of person-centered care has been fluid and varies in distinct research, guidance, policy and daily practice. Still, I consort with the definition offered by the American Geriatrics Society eliciting individuals preferences and values and, once expressed, allowting them guide all wellnesscare aspects, and supporting their practical life and health goals (2015).However, I find an earlier definition by McCormack, Dewing, & Breslin (2010) quite relevant to practice. They define person-centered care as an approach to nursing practice that is created by forming and rearing therapeutic relationships between patients, care providers and other people who are significant to the patients lives.Drawing from the two definitions, I believe person-centered care is viewing p atients as persons with genial networks and accomodating their beliefs and values in the provision of care, while developing relationships that enable the attainment of healthcare as well as life goals. In adherence to the value of decision-making autonomy, I always communicate to patients their diagnosis and suggested interventions. To attain the goals associated with the value, one needs excellent communication and people skills, which is one of my strengths in practice.More specifically, I have demonstrated empathy, which is a person-centered communication skill. In the course of my practice, I try to comprehend and share into the perspectives, current office and feelings of the persons under my care. That creates a bond of trust, brotherly support and mutual understanding.The informed patients then get to decide whether they agree with the diagnosis, and whether they are willing to receive the suggested interventions. In case of the ICU, I consult with the patients families a nd let them make the decisions. Human dignity is another value that has influenced most of my decisions in my professional and personal life. As a nurse, I believe it is important to measure all individuals, including the patients, their families and the good society.In line with the value of human dignity, I respect patients belief systems and consider their natural human values during my interactions with them and their families. However, at times, it is trying to know some patients beliefs, especially in the ICU. Although it is possible to get information about patient beliefs from their families and close friends, I consider it my duty to ensure that the informants do not pass out their own belief systems as the patients.Trustworthiness and honesty are important strengths that have enabled me uphold human dignity in my practice. Without being trustworthy, patients and their families would not reveal their secrets to me. Many a times, the secrets are critical to the formulati on of interventions.Human dignity also dictates that I protect patients confidentiality during clinical interactions. For instance, I always ensure that I cover all exposed body parts of patients. Whats more, I demonstrate my respect for human dignity through deferent communication with patients families and keeping their secrets confidential.Respecting human dignity calls for mindfulness, which is another person-centred communication skill I believe I possess. Hafskjold et al., (2015) define mindfulness as the art of force unique variations by being present in interactions. By being mindful, I am able to observe the happenings and act according to what I notice. inquiry shows that mindfulness by nurses leads to more satisfied patients (Ross, Tod, & Clarke, 2015).My practice has also been guided by altruism. My own conceptualization of altruism is in line with the definition of the term offered by Shahriari et al., (2013) focusing on patients as human beings, while striving to pr omote their health and welfare. In nursing practice, the ICU is ostensibly the most tasking department to work in. It requires working without losing concentration, whether one is on a day shift or night shift. I have often found myself standing undermentioned to patients beds throughout the night just to make sure they are fine.Despite the tough requirements, I believe I have exhibited devotion and selflessness the entire time I have attended to patients in the ICU, and even before. Undeniably, sometimes I have felt exhausted by the demands of the job, but my altruistic tendencies have always reminded me that nursing is not just a job, but a calling that requires me to give my all towards the healthcare and welfare of others. To reflect on my professional practice, I use two different strategies the Gibbs moulding and Johns reflective framework.The Gibbs (1988) Model has six stages description of event, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action. On its part, Johns fr amework has three important elements transport the mind home, experience description and reflection (Palmer, Burns, Bulman, 1994).Part 2 Wanda formulated a reflection model that requires students to follow a five-step process during reflective practice, also cognise as the 5Ds structured reflection model (2016).The 5Ds stand for Doubts/differences, Disclosure, Dissection, Discover and Decision. The learner reflects on whether s/he has any doubts in his/her practice, or whether there are any differences between what s/he did in a clinical setting and what is found in belles-lettres. Disclosure entails writing about the experiences or situation on the topic discussed in the doubts section, while the dissection section considers why it happened and the impact.Discover involves finding additional information from relevant literature and the decision part threads a in store(predicate) plan.5Ds model of structured reflection (Wanda, 2016) The Rolfe model enables students to reflect on their experiences based on three questions what, so what and now what (Rolfe, Freshwater, Jasper, 2001). The first question allows students and nurses to describe the situation, while the second question gives students room to discuss what they learnt, while the answers to the last question identify what the person should do to develop learning and improve future outcomes.The 5Ds Structured reflection The two models have various similarities and differences. For starters, the two reflective models allow students to explore their experiences while being guided by something. However, in the Rolfe model, students are guided by the questions, while in Wanda model (2016) students are guided by the 5Ds expressed earlier.A key strength of the 5Ds reflection model is that it focuses on the student as an individual (Wanda, 2016). Consequently, it enables students to decide what they need to learn more about, which makes them more self-directed in their learning. Secondly, it has a positi ve impact on students aptitude to self-evaluate during clinical practice (Wanda, 2016).When used by students, it improves their ability to assess their own performance in clinical practice.Despite the apparent strengths, the model also has some regulateations. To find with, the effectiveness of the model can be restricted by students characteristics (Wanda, 2016).For instance, the less motivated students are not suited to the reflective model. As a result, the model is not an effective learning tool for all students. Whats more, the use of the 5D model requires consistent supervision, which is sometimes not possible because faculty members might have workloads that limit their time (Sicora, 2017).Grant, McKimm, & Murphy (2017) posit that the analysis part of the Rolfe et al. framework considers not just the technical-rational knowledge but also other forms of knowledge that might inform the comprehension of a particular situation.This is one of the strengths of the reflective mod el since it allows learners explore all knowledge points. However, it runs the risk of leading to superficial reflections (Sicora, 2017). At times, the students might just result to answering the three questions in short answers. That would not help in yielding a comprehensive reflection that would help them learning about their achievements and shortcomings that can help improve their practice. At a personal level, I prefer the 5Ds model.My preference for the model is informed by my desire to identify my doubts in practice as well as the tasks I perform in a way that is different from dictates of literature. That would help me refine my skills and procedures in practice, while making me a more confident practitioner, particularly in the ICU.BibliographyFahrenwald, N., Bassett, S., Tschetter, L., Carson, P., White, L., & Winterboer, V. (2005). Teaching core nursing values. daybook of professional nursing , 46-51.Gibbs, G. (1988).Learning by doing a guide to belief and learning met hods. Oxford Oxford Polytechnic.Grant, A., McKimm, J., & Murphy, F. (2017).Developing Reflective Practice A Guide for Medical Students, Doctors and Teachers. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons.Hafskjold, L., Sundler, A. J., Holmstrm, I. K., Sundling, V., Dulmen, S. v., & Eide, H. (2015).A cross-sectional study on person-centred communication in the care of of age(p) people the COMHOME study protocol. BMJOpen , 1-10.McCormack, B., Dewing, J., & Breslin, L. (2010).Developing person-centred practice nursing outcomes arising from changes to the care environment in residential settings for older people. International Journal of Older People Nursing , 93-107.Palmer, A., Burns, S., & Bulman, C. (1994).Reflective practice in nursing. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications.Rolfe, G., Freshwater, D., & Jasper, M. (2001). Framework for Reflective Practice. London, United Kingdom Palgrave.Ross, H., Tod, A., & Clarke, A. (2015).Understanding and achieving person-centred care the nurse perspective. Journal of Clinical Nursing , 9-10.Shahriari, M., Mohammadi, E., Abbaszadeh, A., & Bahrami, M. (2013).Nursing ethical values and definitions A literature review. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research , 1-8.Sicora, A. (2017). Reflective Practice. London, United Kingdom Policy Press.Smith, K. (2016).Reflection and person-centredness in practice development. International Practice Development Journal , 1-6.The American Geriatrics Society . (2015).Person?Centered Care A Definition and Essential Elements. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 15-18.Wanda, D. (2016). The development of a clinical reflective practice model for paediatric nursing specialist students in Indonesia using an action research approach. Open Publication of UTS Scholars , 1-288.Wanda, D., Fowler, C., & Wilson, V. (2016).Using flash cards to steep Indonesian nursing students in reflection on their practice. Nurse Education Today , 132-137.

Altruism Essay

The statement People never intentionally act to benefit others except only to obtain some impregnable for themselves is often described as Altruism or an selfless act. This statement is not entirely true. It is possible for psyche to intentionally act to benefit others, but this is something that does not happen rattling often. There are multiple theories as to why people do and do not perform altruistic acts. If someone is a member of your family you are more likely to jock a person in need, if you feel kind towards someone you are likely to help a person in need or if it is a accessible norm you are likely to help them.If in a certain situation helping someone is not a social norm then you are less likely to help this person. Even if someone wanted to perform an altruistic act it is very(prenominal) difficult to do so in our society because we reward people who we perceive to be good, or to have done good things. If you perform an Altruistic act towards a member of your fa mily would be acting inside Hamiltons kind selection theory (1960s). The kin selection theory which states that you are much(prenominal) more likely to perform an altruistic act if the person you are helping is a member of your family.An example of this is recently in Melbourne in that respect was a wall collapse. Three people died as a result of this incident a woman in her thirties and an eighteen and nineteen-year-old siblings, the old brother and his sister. The older woman died upon impact, as did the brother, but only after he shielded his sister from the collapsing wall. His sister also died later in hospital. (ABC News, 1st April 2013) This is an example of the kin selection theory. Instead of doing what benefited himself, he tried to save his sister, despite it having dire consequences.This would be considered an act of altruism as it did not benefit him, and in this nerve flush had negative consequences, especially as his sister later died in hospital. Another reason people perform altruistic acts is out of sympathy. Sympathy is a natural feeling of concern for a person. Even if you cant relate to the person you feel bad for them, or concerned for them. An example of someone feeling sympathetic is Julio Diaz, who when a mugger came up to him one night with a knife he handed everyplace his wallet without complaint.When the mugger went to walk away he stopped him and offered him his coat as well, saying he didnt want the mugger to get cold. He then continued to offer to buy the mugger dinner. (Huffington Post, 17th November 2011). Diaz plain felt sympathy towards the mugger, or he wouldnt have given over his wallet, jacket and paid for his dinner. Diaz ended up getting his wallet fundament from the boy who handed it over after they had eaten. Diaz felt sympathy towards the boy due to the position that the boy had almost nothing, where as Diaz had enough money to intimately live.Sympathy makes people feel like they have a moral obligation to h elp someone in need the person they feel sympathetic towards. some(prenominal)times people help others because it is considered a social norm. An example of this is saying please and thank you. This is considered normal in most societies and it is often frowned upon if you dont use these. A social norm is something people often take for granted and a lot of people are shocked when someone doesnt follow what they consider to be normal. Another example of a social norm in our society is to wear clothes in public.If you were walking exhaust the street and you say someone walking towards you naked you would not deem this was normal. You would wonder why they were naked and often avoid walking to close to, reservation eye contact with, or speaking to this person. If you were in some traditional aboriginal culture you would wear nothing but animal skin, or even walk around naked. This is/was considered a social norm within that society. There are some internationally recognized soci al norms, like not spicy in cannibalism, and dressing modestly. spell not all societies, past or present, follow these social norms most of the world does. There are also norms within society, religion and individual families. A social norm in our society is mate-ship, not letting down your friends, family, or community. There are plenty of social norms in religion, such as in Christianity it is not exactable to love someone of the same sex. This is an example of a social norm that is slowly changing over time, as do most social norms.It was a social norm in Britain in the 1800s that you attended church, where as in 2002 only 18. 6% of people in the United Kingdom attended church regularly. (Tearfund report, 2007) This is an example of how social norms change over time, and what we consider to be social norms at the instant may not be considered normal in 40,50,60,70 or more years. These things cannot be considered an altruistic act because you would benefit poorly from not doing t hese things, so it is good for you to say please and thank you, bringing it blanket to the first example.There are also plenty of things people do not do to help others because it is considered outside of the social norms. If you saw a drunk person on the street you probably wouldnt help them because society has shaped us to think that these people brought the state they are in on themselves, therefore it is not our problem to help them once they are in this situation. Social norms can be beneficial, but they can also detrimental. Another instance where helping someone is not considered an altruistic act is if the act is mutually beneficial.This can cover a range of things, from the benefit to you being a smile from someone, to a bravery award. If you see a child drowning and you swim out and save them and when you get back their mother says thank you and buys you an ice cream then you are benefiting, the ice cream being the benefit. If while trying to save this child you drown you do not benefit in anyway, and this even has a negative affect on you. This would be an act of altruism because there is no mutual benefit.A benefit for you may be something as small as a good feeling inside, or a smile, but these are benefits of bringing the child, there for there is mutual benefit. You walk away with a good feeling and maybe an ice cream and the child walks away with his intent. A real life example of this is Don Richie, who lived just across the road from one of Australias most notorious suicide locations. It is estimated that Richie saved more than 160 lives in his lifetime.He received the title of Australias local hero in 2011(ABC Radio, 14th May 2012). This is something he got out of stopping these people commit suicide. Despite the fact that he had no knowledge he was going to receive this award when he started saving people, because he received this award it is not an act of altruism. Some would argue that even if he hadnt received this award these would s till not be acts of altruism, as he felt good about saving these people, and it made him a happier person.This is his benefit, making it mutually beneficial and not an act of altruism. People do act to benefit others, without obtaining good for themselves, but this is a rarefied situation. Whether the person wanted to obtain some good for themselves or not they almost always do, as acts of kindness are rewarded in most societies. While people can intentionally act to benefit others without obtaining good for themselves this almost never happens, simply because of the way our society is shaped.

Women and Art

All device is political. Every slap of paint on canvass, every sculpture, every graffiti, drawing, and so on is a product of other individuals pgraphicsicular sentiment, ideology and persuasion. Every work serves as an arbitrary reflection or extension of the artist or individual who created it. All art is open to evoke and communicate the aforementioned ideology and persuasion of its artist, whether or not the artist in question explicitly intended to do so.As off the beaten track(predicate) as the politics of art and conveying meanings and messages atomic number 18 concerned, hitherto, women, it would appear, are often on the receiving end of conceptual constructions or deconstructions, and general influences necessarily afforded by society, culture, and art. And no art form is capable of eliciting the most influence and affecting generally accepted tender constructs and norms, than that of advertisement.Of course, while most hardly regard advertising as an art form, but in stead a field or medium which vends products and ideologies through art, which is one aspect of it the manner by which advertising makes use of art is perhaps, to a certain convoluted degree, one of the most crude but simultaneously honest as well.Honest because its audience, or the general public on the receiving end of such art are aware of its intentions, aware of its function to peddle or sell whatever product, philosophy or worldview they are tasked to peddle at the moment. Unfortunately, this awareness doesnt always translate to lack of vulnerability and unaffectedness on peoples part. As previously mentioned, women are often on the receiving end of influences and constructs, as uttermost as characteristics, roles, and unavoidably, stereotypes of the supposed weaker sex are concerned.In recent years, the prescribed image of what a womanhood is how she should look, should feel, should think, should necessarily conduct, behave, engage, and apply herself within the family, oth er social institutions, and society at large is greatly dictated and shaped by mercantile advertisements present in television, the radio, magazines, the internet, newspapers, and virtually the whole of mass media. While the stereotypic view that women are generally emotional and fragile has ceased to become breaking news, similar concepts and standards of what a woman is persists through commercial advertisements.Advertisements which define women based on her physical parts, as opposed to her ideas, convictions, what she has the capacity for, and what she can actually do, how she works, and a myriad other things which comprise her as a human being. In commercial ads for clothes, perfumes, accessories, and so on, for instance, the aesthetic is given the highest regard, and women are reduced to the crudeness of waist lines, bust sizes, and weight, among other things.While one could argue that the opposite sex are also on the receiving end of such attacks on identity and gender, and that the same premise applies to men the prescribed standards and social constructs on women are far more predominant and palpable as evident in every magazine cover, billboard, and television commercial which runs in public view on a everyday basis. It also appears especially and particularly evident in the images which follow, images which appear in public view across the globe under the heading of advertising.It doesnt take a radical feminist perspective to realize and be conscious of the reality that something is infinitely wrong and contrived with the way women are being defined and visualised in advertising. Advertising not only coaxes peple into buying prodcuts they supposedly need, it also influences and conditions views regarding normalcy and what should and should not be deemed acceptable, in terms of how people should look, think, and behave in society.Women in turn, are encouraged, if not obliged to be beautiful, to assume the responsibility of being aesthetically pl easing by losing weight, having smooth skin, full lips, big breasts, however fake or artificial, in order to fit into the mold of what advertising deems beautiful, which every normal woman is expected to assume and become. Both the stereotypical domestic help housewife and working career woman are affected and subjected to societys concept of the ideal woman.Despite the manner by which some form of art, mainly picture taking in advertising, affords a view of women which serves to demean and disparage them, there exists other art forms which depart, if not, largely contradict the contrived ideology and perspective that was previously discussed concerning women. much(prenominal) opposite, and perhaps, positive constructs and view on women are evident in the philosophy and art of Barbara Kruger.The American artist famous for her conceptual art which weaves and incorporates words and images unitedly in seeming subversive and opinionated collages affords individuals who view her art, a refreshing perspective on relevant social constructs which affect every individual. Krugers art interestingly comes across as the negation of commercial advertising. What she evokes and communicates through her art is the presence of social constructs which exists and abounds inescapably in the society we live in and belong to.Kruger presents these constructs and creates satirical or mock interpretations of the realities which every individual is immersed in. Krugers perspective on what constitutes a woman is made evident in her collages and illustrations which depict women, for instance, incapacitated by pins stuck across their body, conclude by an ironic message written in bold text in the middle of the illustration which pronounces, We have received orders not to move (Untitled 1982).And some other of a womans face split vertically in two parts, one perfectly distinct and ideal, and the other muted in negative art, aptly entitled, Your embody Is A Battleground. Krugers pho tographs and illustrations present social constructs in a tone and platform which effectively conveys her aim to deconstruct them.The manner by which Barbara Krugers art differs from that which is presented in advertising exists in the reality that Kruger, as an artist, and as a woman is communicating and expressing an extension of herself, her ideals and perspective on women and how they are portrayed are translated into the aforementioned art forms, whereas commercial advertisements are products of a market which intends to peddle an ideal version of women, one which exists as a facade, and in less organic and realistic forms.Ultimately, as Barbara Kruger has already aptly put it, every womans body is a battleground, women should not only be aware of the roles, standards and definitions being set regarding who or what a woman should be, but also take necessary steps in challenging and breaking free from these constructs. If not for every womans sake, then for individuality, and th e preservation of it.

Human Resource Essay

INTRODUCTION valet de chambre resource guidance (HRM, or simply HR) is the perplexity of an disposals manpower, or homo resources. It is responsible for the attraction, plectron, instruct, sagacity, and rewarding of engagementees, while excessively overseeing constitutional leadership and culture and ensuring compliance with employment and labor laws. In circumstances where employees intrust and ar legally authorized to hold a collective bargaining agreement, HR will also serve as the companys principal(a) liaison with the employees representatives (usually a labor union).The tender resources of an organization consist of all deal who perform its activities. Human resource forethought (HRM) is concerned with the soulfulnessnel policies and managerial practices and systems that influence the cultivateforce. In broader names, all decisions that affect the workforce of the organization concern the HRM function.The activities involved in HRM function ar pervasive thr oughout the organization. Line managers, typically spend to a greater extent(prenominal) than 50 percent of their time for human resource activities such(prenominal) hiring, evaluating, disciplining, and scheduling employees. Human resource guidance specialists in the HRM subdivision second organizations with all activities related to staffing and fight backing an effective workforce. Major HRM responsibilities include work design and note analysis, training and development, recruiting, compensation, team- physiqueing, capital punishment management and appraisal, worker health and safety issues, as well as identifying or developing valid methods for selecting staff. HRM department provides the in any casels, data and processes that are employ by line managers in their human resource management component of their joke.DEFINITION OF HUMAN vision commissionAccording to Bohlander et al (2001), human resource management includeconsolidation of a diverse workforce to achieve a common polish. While Ivencevich (2001) also defines human resource management as a function that is implemented in an organization to patron facilitate the effective use of human resources to achieve organizational and individual goals.In addition, there are various perspectives on human resource management focus, namely Human resource management is considered the managing of human management employees as direct and interpersonal activities. Human resource management as personnel management with emphasis on technical skills for evaluation, selection, training and so on. Human resource management as a strategic management that emphasizes employees as assets in an organization. go withNESTLEpicNestls foundation was built in 1867 on humanitarian needs and social responsibility when Henri Nestl, a trained pharmacist, developed a firm and economical alternative source of infant nutrition to save the life of an infant who could not be breastfed.Today, more than 140 geezerhood later, Nestl continues with its founders legacy to repair lives.HISTORYGenerations of GoodnessThe vast Nestl Group started humbly with the vision of one Swiss chemist, Henri Nestl. At a time when there was spicy infant mortality in Europe due to malnutrition, this dedicated man began experimenting with nutritious food supplements to overcome the problem. In 1867, he was approached to help an ailing wrong infant who was unable to accept his mothers take out or any of the conventional substitutes. The infant began to take the milk food supplement he had developed, and a life was saved. The product, called Farine Lacte Nestl, was soon marketed throughout much of Europe, and a juvenile cross out name began to take on life.picThe Nestl Coat-of-Arms.The Nestl Coat-of-ArmsHenri Nestl adopted his own finishing of arms as a trademark in 1867. Translated from German, Nestl means little nest and the now-famous symbol is universally understood to represent nurturing and caring, security, nour ishment and family bonding. These attributes are withal the guiding legacy for the company Henri Nestl founded as it fulfils its committal to Good Food, Good Life.The early mergerIn 1905, the Nestl Company merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed draw Company, the first condensed milk factory which opened in Switzerland in 1866. Nestl entered into the milk deep brown business in 1904 when Peter & Kohler Swiss General Chocolate Company produced milk chocolate under the Nestl trademark. The chocolate company later joined the Nestl Group in 1929.While the original business was based on milk and dietetic foods for children, the new Nestl grew and diversified its range of products, through acquisitions and mergers with the better known brands of the time. For example The manufacturing of LACTOGEN began in 1921, and in the same year,a beverage containing wheat flour was marketed under the brand name MILO. In 1938, NESCAF, the worlds first instant coffee was introduced. Then, in 1947, th e MAGGI Company, manufacturer of soups and bouillon invented by Julius Maggi merged with Nestl.Nestl continued to expand through the years with some major acquisitions.TodayToday, the Nestl Company still adheres to its founders beliefs and principles and is, therefore, very much people-oriented, and committed to understanding its consumers needs throughout the world in order to provide the best products for their lives.Nestl, Bringing Good Food, Good LifeAs the leading Food, Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company, Nestl is the provider of the best food for whatever time of day and for whatever time of your life. Nestl has grown to run low the worlds largest food company offering more than 8,500 brands and 10,000 products. With its headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland, Nestl has more than 456 factories spread over 80 countries, and employs more than 283,000 people.866Our history begins back in 1866, when the first European condensed milk factory was opened in Cham, Switzerland, by th e Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company.1867In Vevey, Switzerland, our founder Henri Nestl, a German pharmacist, launched his Farine lacte, a combination of cows milk, wheat flour and sugar, saving the life of a neighbours child. Nutrition has been the cornerstone of our company ever since. Henri Nestl, himself an immigrantfrom Ger galore(postnominal) an(prenominal), was instrumental in turning his Company towards international expansion from the very start. We owe more than our name, our logo and our first infant-food product to our founder. Henri Nestl embodied many of the key attitudes and values that form part and parcel of our corporate culture pragmatism, flexibility, the willingness to learn, an open mind and respect for other people and cultures. Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Nestl Chairman1905The Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, founded by Ameri enkindles Charles and George Page, merged with Nestl after a couple of decades as fierce competitors to form the Nestl and Anglo-Swiss Milk Company.Nestl in MalaysiapicNestls commitment to providing quality products to Malaysians dates back almost 100 years ago. Nestl began in Malaysia in 1912 as the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Penang and later, growth and expansion made a move to Kuala Lumpur necessary in 1939.Since 1962, with its first factory in Petaling Jaya, Nestl Malaysia now manufactures its products in 7 factories and operates from its head office in Mutiara Damansara.The Company was publicly listed on the KLSE now known as Bursa Malaysia Berhad on 13 December, 1989. Today, the Company employs more than 5000 people and manufactures as well as markets more than 300 Halal products in Malaysia. Its brand name such has MILO, NESCAF, MAGGI, NESPRAY and KIT KAT have become trusted household names and enjoyed for generations.HUMAN RESOURCE MENAGEMENT(NESTLE)HUMAN RESOURCE MENAGEMENT(NESTLE)As companies reorganize to gain agonistical edge, human resources plays a key role in helping companies deal with a fast-changing competitive environment and the greater demand for quality employees. Research conducted by The Conference Board has found six key people-related activities that human resources completes to add value to a company1. efficaciously managing and utilizing people.2. Trying performance appraisal and compensation to competencies.3. Developing competencies that enhance individual and organizational performance.4. Increasing the innovation, creativity and flexibility necessary to enhance competitiveness.5. Applying new approaches to work process design, succession planning, career development and inter-organizational mobility.6. Managing the implementation and integration of technology through improved staffing, training and communication with employees.FUNCTION OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (NESTLE)RecruitmentRecruitment is the process of attracting, check, and selecting employees for an organization. The different stages of enlisting are job analysis, sourcing, screening a nd selection, and on boarding.The Four StagesJob analysis involves determining the different aspects of a job, such as through job description and job specification. Job description describes the tasks that are required for the job. Job specification describes the requirements that a person needs to do that job.Sourcing means exploitation several strategies to attract or identify ratdidates. Sourcing can be done by internal or external advertisement. Advertisement can be done by local or national newspapers, specialist recruitment media, master copy publications, window advertisements, job centers, or through the Internet.Screening and selection is the process of assessing the employees who apply for the job. The assessment is conducted to understand relevant skills, knowledge, aptitude, qualifications, and educational or job related experience of employees. almost ways of screening are screening resumes and job applications, interviewing, and job related or behavioral testing.A fter screen and selection, the best candidate is selected. On boarding is the process of helping new employees become productive members of an organization. A well-planned introduction helps new employees become fully operational quickly and is often integrated with the company and environment.Recruitment ApproachesThere are many recruitment approaches as well.In-house personnel may manage the recruitment process. At larger companies, human resources professional persons may be in charge of the task. In the pureest organizations, recruitment may be left to line managers.Outsourcing of recruitment to an external provider may be the solution for some businesses. Employment agencies are also used to recruit talent. They maintain a pool of potential employees and place them based on the requirement of the employer. Executive search firms are used for executive and professional positions. These firms use advertising and ne 2rking as a method to find the best fit. Internet job boards and job search engines are commonly used to transcend job postings.SelectionSelection is the process of selecting a qualified person who can successfully do a job and deliver valuable contributions to the organization. The term can be applied to many aspects of the process, such as recruitment, selection, hiring, and acculturation. However, it most commonly refers to the selection of workers. A selection system should depend on job analysis. This ensures that the selection criteria are job related.Selection RequirementsThe requirements for a selection system are knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics, commonly known as KSAOs. Personnel selection systems employ evidence-based practices to determine the most qualified candidates and involve both the freshly hired and those individuals who can be promoted from within the organization. Common selection tools include ability tests (cognitive, physical, or psychomotor), knowledge tests, personality tests, structured interv iews, the systematic collection of bio in writing(p)al data, and work samples. Development and implementation of such screening methods is sometimes done by human resources departments. Larger organizations hire consultants or firms that specialize in developing personnel selection systems. Metrics Two major factors determining the quality of a newly hired employee are predictor validity and selection ratio. The predictor cutoff is a test score differentiating those passing a selection measure from those who did not. hoi polloi above this score are hired or are further considered while those below it are not. On the other hand, the selection ratio (SR) is the sum up of job openings (n) divided by the number of job applicants (N). This value will range between 0 and 1, reflecting the selectivity of the organizations hiring practices. When the SR is equal to 1 or greater, the use of any selection device has little meaning, but this is not often the case as there are usually more app licants than job openings. Finally, the base rate is defined by the percentage of employees thought to be performing their jobs satisfactorily following measurement. After using these tools a person is selected for the job.OrientationOrientation tactics exist to provide new employees enough entropy to adjust, terminusing in satisfaction and effectiveness in their role.Employee preference, also commonly referred to as onboarding or organizational socialization, is the process by which an employee acquires the necessary skills, knowledge, behaviors, and contacts to effectively transition into a new organization (or role within the organization). Orientation is a fairly broad process, generally carried out by the human resource department, that may incorporate lectures, videos, meetings, computer-based programs, team-building exercises, and mentoring. The underlying goal of incorporating these varying onboarding tactics is to provide the employee enough information to adjust, ultim ately resulting in satisfaction and effectiveness as a new employee.Organization Socialization ModelA effective way in which to estimate this process is through understanding the organization socialization model (see Figure 1). This chart highlights the process of moving the employee through the adjustment stage to the desired issuingNew Employee Characteristics Though this segment of the model overlaps with other human resource initiatives (such as recruitment and talent management), the characteristics of an employee are central to the strategies best employed as they move through the orientation process. Characteristics that are particularly useful in this process are extroversion, curiosity, experience, pro-activeness, and openness.New Employee Tactics The goal for the employee is to acquire knowledge and build relationships. These relationships in particular are central to understanding company culture alongside acquiring resources to help expedite the on boarding process. Organizational Tactics- The organization should similarly seek to emphasize relationship building and the communication of knowledge, particularly organizational knowledge that will be useful for the employee when navigating the company. The company should also employee many of the resources mentioned above (videos,lectures, team-building exercises) to complement the process.Adjustment Through combining the above three inputs, the employee should move through the adjustment phase as they acclimate to the new professional environment. This should focus primarily on knowledge of the company culture and co-workers, along with increased clarity as to how they fit within the organizational framework (i.e. their role).Outcomes The goal of effectively orienting the employee for success is twofold minimize turnover while maximizing satisfaction. The cost of bring new employees into the mix is substantial, as a result high turnover rates are a significant threat to most companies. Ensurin g that the onboarding process is effective significantly reduces this risk. Additionally, achieving high levels of employee satisfaction is an enormous competitive advantage, as satisfied employees are motivated and efficient.CriticismsThe desired outcome from an onboarding process is fairly straightforward, ensuring the new employee(s) is well-equipped to succeed in their new professional environment. However, some critics of orientation processes stipulate that sometimes the extensive onboarding process can confuse the employees relative to their role, as most of their time is spent in company-wide learning as impertinent to role-centric learning. While this criticism may be true in some contexts, it can be offset through a more role-specific on boarding process. It is generally acknowledged that orientation strategies receive positive outcomes and returns on investment.DevelopmentA core function of HR management is development, which entails training efforts designed to improve personal, group, or organizational effectiveness. Employee development helps organizations succeed. Human resource development consists of training, organization, and career development efforts to improve individual, group, and organizational effectiveness.TrainingTraining is one of the most central ways to develop employees. Training is organizational activity intended to improve the performance of individuals and groups in organizational settings. Training and development has three important locomote training, education, and development. Training This activity focuses on an individuals current job and is evaluated based on that current job. Education This activity focuses on jobs an individual faculty hold in the future and is measured based on those potential jobs. Development This activity focuses on potential future activities of the organization and is therefore extremely challenging to evaluate.Training and DevelopmentThere are several categories of stakeholders that are helpful in understanding training and development. The sponsors of training and development are elder managers. The clients of training and development are business planners. Line managers are responsible for the coaching, resources, and performance. The participants are the people who actually go through the training and development process. The facilitators are Human Resource instruction staff. The providers are specialists in the field. Each of these stakeholder groups has their own agenda and motivations, which can cause conflict with the agendas and motivations of other stakeholder groups. Talent development refers to an organizations ability to align strategic training and career opportunities for employees. Talent development, part of human resource development, is the process of changing an organization, its employees, its stakeholders, and groups of people within it, using planned and unplanned learning, in order to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage for the or ganization.Performance EvaluationPerformance evaluation is the process of assessing an employees job performance and productivity, usually for a specified period of time.Performance evaluation or performance appraisal is the process of assessing an employees job performance and productivity. The assessment is conducted based on some pre-es oral contraceptivelished criteria that align with the goalsof the organization. Some other aspects are also considered to assess the performance of the employee, for example, organizational citizenship behavior, accomplishments, potential for future improvement, strengths and weaknesses, etc. The management of performance plays a vital role to the success or failure of the organization. An ineffective performance evaluation system creates high turnover and reduces employee productivity. This is why performance evaluation is very important for every organization.Methods of Performance EvaluationObjective production Under this method, direct data is used to evaluate the performance of an employee, such as sales figures, production numbers, the electronic performance monitoring of data entry workers, etc. However, one drawback of this process is that the variability in performance can be due to factors outside the employees control. Also, the quantity of production does not necessarily indicate the quality of the products. Still, this data reflects performance to some extent.Personnel This is the method of transcription the withdrawal behavior of employees, such as being absent, being in an accident at work, etc. This personnel data usually is not a comprehensive reflection of an employees performance.Judgmental evaluation This is a collection of methods to evaluate an employee. Some of the methods are described below- Graphic Rating Scale graphic rating scales are the most commonly used performance evaluation system. Typically, the raters use a 5 to 7 point scale to rate employees productivity. Employee-Comparison Methods alt ernatively than subordinates being judged against pre-established criteria, they are compared with one another. This method eliminates central tendency and leniency errors but still allows for halo effect errors to occur.Behavioral Checklists and Scales behaviors are more clear than traits. Supervisors record behaviors of what they judge to be job performancerelevant, and they keep a running tally of good and bad behaviors and evaluate the performance of employees based on their judgement.Peer and Self AssessmentsPeer Assessments members of a group evaluate and appraise the performance of their fellow group members. Self-Assessments for self-assessments, individuals assess and evaluate their own behavior and job performance.360-Degree Feedback 360-degree feedback is multiple evaluations of employees which often include assessments from superior(s), peers, and themselves.Career Path ManagementCareer path management requires HRM to plan and then actively manage employee skills in the hunt of successful professional careers. Career path managementCareer path management refers to the structured planning and the active management choice of a employees professional career. The results of successful career planning are personal fulfillment, a work and life balance, goal achievement, and financial security. A career refers to the changes or modifications in employment through advancement during the foreseeable future. There are many definitions by management scholars of the stages in the managerial process. The following classification system with pocket-size variations is widely used Development of overall goals and objectives. Development of a strategy. Development of the specific means (policies, rules, procedures, and activities) to implement the strategy. Systematic evaluation of the progress toward achievement of the selected goals and objectives to specify the strategy, if necessary.Human Resource DevelopmentHuman Resource Development (HRD) is the central framework for the way in which a company leverages an effective human resources department to empower employees with the skills for current and future success.The responsibility of the human resources department in regards to employee development primarily pertains to varying forms of training, educational initiatives, performance evaluation, and management development. Through employing these practices, human resource managers can significantly improve the potential of each employee, opening new career path venues by expanding upon an employees skill set.This is achieved through two specific human resource objectives training and development (TD) and organizational development (OD). Training and development, as stated above, is primarily individualistic in nature and focussed on ensuring employees develop throughout their careers to capture more opportunity. Organizational development must be balanced during this process, ensuring that the company itself is leveraging these evolvi ng human resources to maximum efficiency. Depending too heavily upon TD may result in an organization incapable of capitilizing on employee skills while focusing too much on OD will generate a company culture adverse to professional development. Therefore human resource departments are central to empowering employees down successful career paths.Some Dimensions of Career ManagementThe first step of career management is setting goals. Before doing so the person must be aware of career opportunities and should also know his or her own talents and abilities. The time horizon for the achievement of the selected goals or objectivesshort-term, intermediate, or semipermanentwill have a major influence on their formulation. Short-term goals (one or two years) are usually specific and limited in scope. Short-term goals are easier to formulate. They must be achievable and relate to long-term career goals. Intermediate goals (3 to 20 years) tend to be less specific and more open ended than sho rt-term goals. Both intermediate and long-term goals are more difficult to formulate than short-term goals because there are so many unknowns about the future. Long-term goals (over 20 years) are the most fluid of all. omit of life experience and knowledge about potential opportunities and pitfalls make the formulation of long-term goals and objectives very difficult. Long-term goals and objectives, however, may be easily modified as additional information is received without a great lossof career efforts because of experience and knowledge transfer from one career to another.Others Focuses of Career Management reservation career choices and decisions is the traditional focus of careers interventions. The changed nature of work means that individuals may now have to revisit this process more frequently now and in the future, more than in the past. Managing the organizational career concerns the career management tasks of individuals within the workplace, such as decision-making, li fe-stage transitions, and dealing with stress. Managing boundless careers refers to skills needed by workers whose employment is beyond the boundaries of a single organization, a work style common among, for example, artists and designers. As employers take less responsibility, employees need to take control of their own development to maintain and enhance their employability.CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONHuman Resource Management involves the recruitment and management of the people who work in an organization. The focus of Human Resource Management is to attract, select, train, motivate and compensate employees, while making sure that they comply with employment and labor laws. A team of professionals cannot be built by an organization without good Human Resource Management. As a result, businesses with good Human Resource Management (HRM) have higher profits than businesses without or with poor HRM.Effective hiring and training practices, creating employees who are motivated and rewarded f or their hard work, and maintaining a good relationship between employees and the company are all results of good Human Resource Management. Even for small businesses, managing the human resource aspect of the business is very important, and can only be done through good Human Resource management seedREFERENCE Devanna, M., Fombrun, C. & Tichy, N . 1984. A Framework For Strategic Human Resource Management In Strategic Human Resource Management, New York John Wiley and Sons. Brewster, C. & Larsen, H. H. 1992. Human Resource Management in Europe Evidence From Ten Countries. International Journal of Human Resource Management 3 (3) 409434. http//www.google.com.my/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi http//www.investopedia.com/terms/h/humanresources.asp http//www.nestle.com.my/AboutUs/Nestle_in_Malaysia/Pages/index.aspx

Consumer Preference of Brighton & Hove Teenagers on Organic Food Essay

There have been many studies investigating the influences on consumer purchasing and consumption of entire fodders. It has a Journal of the serviceman Environment that argues that parts of questiones have frequently taken the form of postulation consumers directly about their reasons for purchase or nonpurchase of fundamental victualss rather than seeking which types of beliefs and attitudes atomic bend 18 actually related to purchase or consumption. (Shepherd, Magnusson, & Sjoden, 2005) In recent year, other look intoers have examined what beliefs and attitudes predict consumption.(Shepherd, Government office for Science, 2011) In several studies, a absolute majority of the guests have a homogeneousence for and an interest in constitutive(a) sustenance. However, the proportion of regular purchasers of thorough food is low. (Shepherd, Magnusson, & Sjoden, 2005) So, this phenomenon showed a discrepancy between consumers attitudes and behavior, which is virtually of C onsumers attitude are positively for perfect foods, but non often to buy them. It seems the consumers non have a concerned the organic foods become an grand purchase criterion.Since the 1920s, the organic food has first appeared in Europe. (Baourakis, 2004) Until now, even the organic foods not take big market share, but in recent years, accord to the British Food Standards Agency said identifies the role that organic food plays in providing choice for customer. (Food Standards Agency, 2011) Lampkin & Padel (1994, cited in Baourakis, 2004) searched that consumer demand for organic food increased rapidly, thus, the number of famers increased reasonably, this phenomenon is not just in Europe, but to a fault is in the United States.Problem Statement The problem to be interrogationd is the purchase behavior of teenagers toward organic food in Brighton & Hove. As mentioned before, the sales of organic food are increasing in UK. Nevertheless, Non-organic food electrostatic dom inates in the food market. In addition, musical composition there has some consumers who are already familiar and know with the organic food. It still has many consumers who are not yet know about them. Because of organic food produced without using any artificial chemicals, pesticides or fertilizers, which is better and fresher taste than other nonorganic foods.(Georgiou, 2002) There are dissimilar reasons why consumers tend to prefer to buy organic food. To discover the teenagers of Brighton & Hove behavior on organic food, these are some of the variables that impart be taken into account when do the look into, which idler better to extrinsic factors and internal factors. External factors are environment influence, equivalent pedagogy level influence, cultural influence, and family influence. Internal factors are product attributes, which are benefits of organic food, want environmentally friendliness, good for animal welfare, taste good and personal health.These may infl uence consumer buying decision. Research aims and objectives This research aims to explore teenagers behavior of Brighton & Hove on organic food consumption in their daily life. This research depart provide richer and deeper judgement of teenagers preference on organic foods and work to specific ages, thus the levels of development and collect the information about why they care about organic food. These research questions to be answered are Do the teenagers like to buy organic food in Brighton & Hove? Do the teenagers choose organic food influenced by environment (i.e. education level, cultural influence or family influence) in Brighton & Hove?What causes the teenagers care about organic food (i. e. the environment concern, animal welfare, personal health, taste) in Brighton & Hove? In this particular case, it becomes much interesting to be more the teenager maybe will be influence by place cultural. Because Brighton & Hove are famous resort which near the sea. Brighton and Hov e is the UKs healthiest city that reason is its residents lifestyles, such as cycling to work, do yoga practice, and have green food according to a rent for Sky Travel.(University of sussex, 2010) The intention explore is the future development of organic food in Brighton & Hove by asking questions and interview. This paper will propose use deductive way for research on specific consumer behavior on organic foods in Brighton & Hove. Anticipated contributions thoroughgoing food is green food, these benefits lead to the market share of food were influenced, so, this academic research discuss about purchase behavior of teenagers on organic food consumption in Brighton & Hove. Because teenager is our future, from their behavior, we laughingstock see the organic food development of Brighton & Hove in next 50 years.Until now, it has some research about customer behavior on organic food, however, since there is lack of info for specific group people, like teenager. In this case, Kard es, Cronley, & Cline argued that one of the contributions for hit the books consumer behavior is that educate consumers and stand by them to make a better decision, also can understand make products for consumers actually needed and wanted. This becomes a selling strategy, this research proposal discovers and satisfies customer necessarily and wants effectively and beneficial manner, while profiting the long-term interests for business.(Kardes, Cronley, & Cline, 2011) Also this research proposal will investigate customer behavior information by primary research and lower-ranking information, abbreviation the consumers performance, which showed the market tendency and understand the rival. It can help companies can tug the market share of organic food in the future. Brief Review of Literature Wright & Crea (2007) pointed that the UK organic food market rise approximately 10% annually with a value of 2 billion dollars, already become third largest in the world.According governm ent statistics, the multiple supermarket retailers accounted for the major marketing share to the consumer with approximately 73 % of sales. The independent retailers and parts of farmers accounted for consumer 27 % of sales. The turning point schemes and internet order made up 8 per centum. (dardni, 2010) Base on data, organic food is preferred by all age groups because of its health congenial benefits. These contained old people, adults and children. According to statistics, 70 % of the costumers are women, while 30 % are men. 57. 3 % of organic food consumers have job, while 23. 2 % do not have job.(Damin, 2011) Food standards Agency demonstrates that to eat organic food is a way to decrease consumption of pesticide residues and additives. (Food Standards Agency, 2011) Organic procurement reflects consumers are not only care about economic, but also concern with food production link to personal, social and environmental effect. (The Open University, 2006)Lockie argues that no artificial chemicals is one of the winder point cause the sale growth of organic product around the world, which reflects people are more interested in personal health and family health, also care about the animal welfare, tradition, environmental protection, food traceability and sustainability. (Lockie, 2006) Food Standards Agency, if they think theyre buying food with unornamented nutritional quality or extra safety. (Food Standards Agency, 2011)) Stringer and Dennis argued that in UK recent research showed 21 percent of housewives ranked taste over other facts in what they ate in 1998s, while 14 percent of housewives because of health concern for their family and themselves in 1998s.(Stringer & Dennis, 2000) According to ACNielsen research, the consumption of organic baby food jumped about 16 percent over the year before in 2005, it nearly double increasing of total organic food consumption. (Working Mother, 2006) In 2008, the Ferrell and Pride searched the mother behavior an d investigate the age range from 25 to 40, are more prefer to buy organic food or clothing for their children no matter what their income. (Pride & Ferrell, 2008) Mamatha & Sarada revealed that child rights attitudes and participation in activities were influenced by their mother.(Mamatha & Sarada, 2009) Brozina argued that culture can influence the consumers motives for organic food consumption. (Brozina, 2009) Samli argued that consumer behavior was influenced by social class, which related to not only economic well-being, but also other factors, such as education, family background and occupation. Secondly, it influenced by hierarchy of needs, which is more credibly to be observed as different degrees of economic development, culture, and social psychology.Thirdly, it influenced by interpersonal influences from group member, like social consumption phenomenon and consumer want to buy luxury make a good impression on others. Fourthly, it depends on affective influences, like emot ion. At last, cognitive will be influence the consumers choice, which is how much they know about that product. (Samli, 1995) While consumer express positive perspective on organic food, but it is not likely to expand beyond this niche market in the future, the major reason is premium prices, unless low-input can be made recognisable to consumers.. (Oppapers, 2011) Handlechner argued that organic producers are still only occupying a niche market now. Nevertheless, organic food may be having a larger potential in the future. (Handlechner, 2008) Hypotheses Hypothesis1. I expect that the teenagers in Brighton & Hove may be having positive perspective on organic food due to Brighton & Hove is a healthiest city. Hypothesis 2 I expect that the teenagers in Brighton & Hove business leader concern about environment issue, animal welfare, and personal health, so they choose the organic food.Hypothesis 3 It is also my prediction that teenagers in Brighton & Hove may not interested in organic food due to they do not possess economic income. Hypothesis 4 Maybe they like to buy the organic foods, but for teenager are too expensive that they do not possess enough money to pay for them. Methodology This research adopted the deductive way because the aim proved by separate several research questions that mentioned earlier before. This research design is exploratory due to this research proposal intends to explore the teenagers behavior on organic food through espouse in Brighton & Hove.This study will consider descriptive because this proposal focus on survey the characteristic of certain group, teenagers. Accordingly, some writers in a journal demonstrated that descriptive study is the researchers are interested to survey a group such as education level, income, age or gender in some situations. (Kumar, Deb, Sinha, & Sinha, 2001) The research is also adopt cross sectional because of this study will study in a particular phenomenon and particular time. It has time limited. (Scribd, 2011) Research method Primary research This research can either be qualitative or quantitative.Nevertheless, quantitative research may cover a larger number of populations, which will give generalized statistics results by questionnaire. This qualitative research intends to collect an in-depth understanding of teenagers behavior and the reasons why they have that deportment. This qualitative research is a non-numerical data collection by interview. Moreover, the qualitative and quantities research method inquires the how and why of decision qualification by teenagers, not only where, when, what. So, this easy chooses these methods on this particular case studied in order to seek empirical support for this research hypothesis.This research proposal will base on quantitative research due to it will give statistical evidence of data, which can be summarize teenagers behaviour specifically. Questionnaire is my first choice. Concerning the print cost, the questionnaires will be surveyed through email in the internet. The questionnaires will include an introduction that gives clearly explanation of purpose of this study. Furthermore, the questionnaires also will include clearly instructions that give a well-guided to the teenagers.Moreover, it will give clearly question which is easy to teenagers. More specifically, writing the letter to school skipper get the permission in Brighton & Hove. This questionnaire will be taken in the Junior high school and high school in 11th July 2011. This study will be randomly survey 1000 students in junior high school, 500 boys and 500 girls respectively. Other parts are 1000 students in high school, 500 boys and 500 girls. This will be more easily and faster when make analysis the data based on different education level and gender.Also, it will adopt anonymity, in order to keep the private information for teenager. This research proposal also will accord to qualitative research due to it will be get more detail with deeper conversational interview. It will not have predetermined questions are asked, because it can remain more open and adaptable get useful information due to nature and priorities of interview. It can directly get the exactly information for this research. More specifically, the interview will be taking at the school supermarket in Brighton & Hove in 19th July 2011.More closely interview the staffs in supermarket in order to understand teenagers behaviour by real consumption. Moreover, the interview will be doing at teenagers home in 30th July 2011 and in order to have chance to understand their behaviour by face to face talking. It wills choice 10 families in high school, 10 families in junior high school. It could be though this interview can prove whether the teenager preference on organic foods influenced by their family background and mother.Secondary research The value of using the secondary data for market research has been substantial throughout history, continues today, and promises to grow in the future. (Patzer, 1995) Secondary research contains the collation, brief and synthesis of existing research that data is already done by government, company, transcription or personal. When this research proposal chooses the secondary data source, it would be have a critical thinking and concern the academic source. Government research data is the good choice for this research. Moreover, Base on the books and journals, summarize others studies and result.It will filter information and get the clearly results. Another research approach would be paper organization and news website. What is more, May be I can get record data form staff in school supermarket, for instance, it could be get the sales of every year or month in the school. Using the other cities secondary data compare with the primary data in Brighton & Hove in order to know whether the Brighton & Hove culture will influence the teenager behaviour on organic foods. Data depth psychology Themati c analysis focuses on recognisable themes and patterns of living or behaviour. (Aronson, 1994) So in this case, the thematic analysis will be used to gather data and analyze them in interview. Moreover, another analysis is the content analysis, which will use in the interview, too. The questionnaire will be collect data by software for statistics, like Excel. Do the diagrams would be use the software, like word. Time chart JuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovember Research for Literature review Formulate research strategy, design and select methods Questionnaire Interviews Field Work/ Data collection Data Analysis Write up Conclusion.This research expects to explore the teenagers preference on organic food in Brighton & Hove, which can get exactly information to answer the research question. I hope the teenagers will more concern their health and environment and animal in order to develop a sustainable society. The organic food company may take this kind research forward, which will b ring long-term benefit if they grasp customer behavior and attitude. Maybe they will not only survey the teenager, but also research the householder behavior and psychology due to they have economic power.Bibliography Aronson, J. (1994). Nova.Retrieved 6 8, 2011, from A Pragmatic look out of Thematic Analysis http//www. nova. edu/ssss/QR/BackIssues/QR2-1/aronson. html Baourakis, G. (2004). tradeing trends for organic food in 21st century. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. Brozina, S. (2009). EuroMed Journal of Business. Cultural influences on motives for organic food consumption , p. 185. Damin. (2011). dissertation. Retrieved 6 5, 2011, from Consumer behavior and organic food dessertation http//www. dissertation-helper. co. uk/consumer-behavior-organic-food-dissertation/ dardni. (2010). Agriculture and Rural Development.Retrieved 6 5, 2011, from The market for organic products http//www. dardni. gov. uk/ruralni/index/bussys/organic_production/organic_business_management/m arketing. htm Food Standards Agency. (2011). Safe food,better business. Retrieved 5 28, 2011, from Organic food http//www. food. gov. uk/foodindustry/farmingfood/organicfood/ GeorgiouDunnElisha. (2002). Everything you need to know about organic foods. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. Handlechner, M. (2008). Grin. Retrieved 6 7, 2011, from Organic Food http//www. grin. com/ Kardes, R. F. , Cronley, L. M. , & Cline, W. T. (2011).Consumer Behavior. Cengage Learning. Inc. Kumar, R. , Deb, K. J. , Sinha, B. N. , & Sinha, V. K. (2001). Lithium Toxicity. A descriptive study , pp. 52-57. Lockie, S. (2006). passing Oorganic mobilizing networks for environmentally responsible food production. London. Mamatha, T. , & Sarada, D. (2009). Child rights ICDS programme. Discovery Publishing House PVT. LTD. Oppapers. (2011). Oppapers. Retrieved 6 6, 2011, from Consumer Attitudes and purchase intentions in relation to organic food http//www. oppapers. com/essays/Consumer-Attitudes-And-Purchase-Intent ions-In/307542 PatzerL.Gordon. (1995). Using secondary data in marketing research United States and worldwide. An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group,Inc. Pride, W. M. , & Ferrell, O. C. (2008). Marketing. Yaga Mamas Todays Choosy Mothers , p. 134. Samli, A. C. (1995).external consumer behavior its impact on marketing strategy development. An imprint pf Greenwood Publishing Groups,Inc. Scribd. (2011). Scribd. Retrieved 6 7, 2011, from Research Proposal on TheConsumer Behavior On MP3Players http//www. scribd. com/doc/54718736/Research-Proposal-on-the-Consumer-Behaviour-of-MP3-s Shepherd, R. (2011).Government office for Science. Retrieved 6 8, 2011, from Societal attitudes to different food production models http//www. bis. gov. uk/Foresight Shepherd, R. , Magnusson, M. , & Sjoden, P. -O. (2005). AMBIO A Journal of the Human Environment. Determinants of Consumer Behavior Related to Organic Foods , pp. 352-359. Sheth, N. J. (1985). Historical Perspective in Consumer Research National and International Perspectives. HISTORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR A MARKETING PERSPECTIVE , pp. 5-7. StringerMichael, & DennisC. (2000). Chilled foods a comprehensive guide. Woodhead Publishing Limited.The Open University. (2006). Language of Food Politics. Retrieved 5 29, 2011, from Research Report The sermon of Organic Food Promotion language, intentions http//creet. open. ac. uk/projects/language-of-food-politics/documents/4_organic_food_report. pdf University of sussex. (2010). Sussexsport. Retrieved 6 3, 2011, from Healthy Articles http//www. sussex. ac. uk/sport/1-4-9. html Working Mother. (2006). Is Organic Food Worth it? Working Mother , 88. Wright, S. , & Crea, M. D. (2007). The International Market for Organic and Fair Trade Food and Drink. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

PEACE BUILDING PROCESS Essay

Conflict refers to the state of opposition, disagreement or incompatibility between two or more people which is sometimes characterized by personal violence. Conflict occur in different forms such as boundary and territorial conflicts, civilian wars and internal conflicts having international repercussions, succession conflicts in territories decolonized and political ideologic conflicts. In the other hand post conflict is the situation in which open warf ar has come to an end. Such situation remains tense for days and can easily relapse into large scale violence. Peace edifice describes hinderances that are designed to prevent the start of violent conflict by creating sustainable peace. This start before conflict starts or it ends. Post conflict peace grammatical construction means action to identify and support structures which will tend to tone up and solidify peace in order to avoid relapse into conflict. Peace building process takes different dimensions according to schol ars. According to Barnett et al. post peace building process follows three dimensions that is stabilizing post conflict zone restoring state institutions and dealing with social and economic issues. Stabilizing post conflict Peace building activities directly attempt to reduce the means available, and the incentives, for actors to return to conflict.They include disarmament (taking away weapons), demobilization, reintegration programs (re-integrating former combatants into civil society), security sector reform, and arms control for illuminate and heavy weapons systems. The first three activities (Disarmament, Demobilization, Re-integrating or DDR) are comprehensive process at the core of peace building as DDR is uses as preventive intervention that is the core component of peace agreement. Practitioners should be cautioned in using DDR approach because it does not provide panacea and it must be understood that just as situations vary, so do possible solutions differ. Restoring sta te institutions this dimension tends to reinforce building state capacity to provide basic public goods and increase state legitimacy. Activities compound in this dimension involving rebuilding basic facilities, transportation and communication net belong, utilities building health and education infrastructure. But because international actors do not envisage play state-like functions long into the future, they also provide some degree of skilful and capacity building assistance for stateinstitutionseven as they support space-reflection symmetryllel nongovernmental organizations or private sector structures that may operate outside of or duplicate state functions.For instance, international financial institutions typically provide technical assistance so that state institutions can fracture the capacity to build, monitor, and regulate basic economic and financial activities. Dealing with social and economic issues, programs in this place setting attempt to build not only the s tates but also societys ability to manage conflict peacefully and develop the socioeconomic infrastructure necessary to underpin economic development. Activities include trauma counseling transitional justice and restoration community dialogue building bridge between communities increasing peace adherence of human rights gender empowerment raising environmental awareness promoting economic development and developing a civil society and private sector that can represent diverse interests and challenges the state peacefully (Barnett,2007). In general, it takes time to address fragility and building peace and it is make best from the bottom up especially through civil society and local government but many post conflict countries have faint local structures which require support.Sri Lanka is an example of the critical country that government has in a post-conflict situation and where it needs to work in partnership with national agencies, community and international partners. These in stitutions may function to restore local infrastructure, provide new houses, ensure basic services and encourage local economic development. Major organizations that work worldwide UN Peace-building Commission (PBC), UN Peace-building Fund (PBF), World Bank, International Monetary Fund and European Commission. In the same line of thought the supports provided by particular organizations are not enough as they are undertaking supply driven than the demand driven that is they provide peace building service in which their organizations specializes, not necessary that the recipient most needs.ReferencesBarnett, M., Kim, H., ODonnell, M. and Sitea, L. (2007). Peace building What is in a name?. Global governance. 1335-38 Muggah, R. (2006). Managing post conflict zones DDR and weapons reduction. In excellent arms survey year book 2005 weapons at war (small arms survey), 21 Schirch, L. (2013). Conflict Assessment & Peacebuilding Planning. CO Lynn ReinnerPress. UN General assembly (n.d). Di sarmament, Demobilization and Re-intergration. para 9-10 Wright, C. Peace-building in post-conflict states. London, 2013

Islam/Christianity Views of Trade and Merchants Essay

Christianity and Islam both comprise very detailed and comprehensive watchs relating to merchandisers and trade. In order for a religion to thrive, its views must sustain the developing of its cohorts economy. Therefore, the perception of trade and the numerous benefits obtained from it should at least be endured, if not further. For the duration of the later half of this millennia, Islam and Christianity both had acknowledged trade as a essential means for survival.Islams perspectives of trade have changed slightly since its beginning. The three documents 2, 5 and 7 each share many common similarities. Each encouraged trade, but only when it is reasonable and moral. Islam instructs that the earnest merchant will be recognise among the martyrs upon his demise. However, in contrast, the corrupt merchant shall be chastised in the end (Doc 2). Ibn Khaldun recognized in the midst of the 14th century the essential need for merchants to preserve a stable economic system (Doc 5). This specific viewpoint acknowledges that of the Quran to the highest degree identically. The Islamic toleration of trade was undoubtedly restricted though. As late as the 17th century Islamic courts ruled that merchants should preserve customary practices/traditions and not give in to fresh more(prenominal) lucrative procedures (Doc 7). Islam is an extremely strict religion, but yet it still values the need for a successful economy. duration trade was cautiously watched it has always been allowed to provide room for the expansion of Islam.Christianity however, experienced no radical transformations in its understandings on the subject, the policies were undoubtedly if not definitely decrease if not entirely stretched. As Christianity was at its very origin, during the time of 75 CE, the improbability of obeying Christianity as well as being a profitable merchant were highlighted in the Bible. It first becomes apparent through the bibles text, when the bible reads though the rich man has no place in paragons kingdom. As Christianity began to progress however, through it have been knowledge and exploration or simply greed, area for the merchant was made in the human insight of Gods plan. As Reginald, the monk of Durham illustrates, the rich man while once atrue Christian will have no more earthly desire for his once sought- after(prenominal) riches. His only desire will be to let go of earthly possessions and begin to seek God (Doc 3).The logical system behind the bibles preachings on trade provides an explanation to the direct sternness of the Christian Holy Book. This therefore lays the foundation for later intellectuals to entangle nonetheless more economic open-mindedness within the Christian teachings. By the late 1200s however, an almost Islamic outlook of trade was inherited by the Christians. In 1273, Thomas doubting Thomas highlights that all trade should be performed in a fair and just manner (doc 4). All throughout Christianitys expansion, the earth experienced many reformations and adaptations. Its outlook of trade wavered considerably from its founding to current day. Without this reformation however, Christianity would in all probability not be as broadly spread as it is at present.Christianity and Islam today both share very comparable views/outlooks on trade. While Islam may have developed an effective policy from its early beginnings, Christianity arrived much later after countless years of adaptation and reformation. These guidelines/policies are just one out of the numerous contributing issues that made each of these two well-admired religions the most triumphant the world has ever seen.

Decision making Essay

Overview My experience in the business world has shown a pastiche of ethical determination reservation practices. The steady industry has a somewhat skewed view of ethical motive as it appeals to the vanity and esteem of consumers around the world. The wellness care industry must provide health care to its customers yet maintain the business with the goals of reservation a profit. Yale University is known for its research in the palm of science and medical technology. All these companies practice moral philosophy, nevertheless view ethical manner in a concern fuckent way.This paper will explore the definition and principles of ethics and discuss the jounce of ethics on the finish reservation handle in the work place. Definition Pearson Custom Publishing (Pearson, 1998-2002) defines ethics as the standards of conduct and moral judgment. Markula Center for Applied morals (1995-1998) defines ethics as those standards that compel one to chorus line from committing crim es against another person such as stealing, murder, assault, slander, and fraud. It is also the standards that encourage honesty, integrity, compassion and loyalty. moral philosophy is not a religious principle, nor is it found on feelings about a particular problem. It cannot be defined as a legal practice because laws are created to protect rights, not manage ethical principles. While the definition may seem clear, ethics as a practice is somewhat am well-favoreduous since interpretation plays a big part in how people perceive right from wrong. The Markala Center for Applied morals (1995-1998) states that in assemble to understand the meaning of ethics we must find answers the following questions, According to what standards are these actions right or wrong?What character traits (like honesty, compassion, fairness) are necessary to live a truly serviceman beings life? define ethics is relatively easy compared to practicing ethics in the work place. Since the primary con cern of most businesses is the screwing line, the ethical views may differ base on the type of business. Ethical views of employees may also differ from the views of the company. This can cause conflict among workers and caution as companies strive to improve the bottom line. Personal ethics may be compromised in an effort to keep a job. In business, what are the terms rules?Since ethics is not an exact science it is easy believe that if it is legal it is ethical and therefore acceptable. This is not continuously the case and recent examples of Enron and Microsoft prove this point. Enron has shown us that greed can interfere with good judgment and the impact of their finiss was grave. Microsoft is another company whose ethics have been questioned as it strives to maintain its place as the software giant. Is it wrong for Microsoft to work towards the demise of its competitor Netscape? Or is this the normal competitive spirit.Another good example is the beauty industry that bui lt a billion dollar business convincing consumers that cosmetics and perfumes will make them cause let out, become more(prenominal) than powerful and/or more popular if the returns are used. Is this behavior legal, yes. Ethical, well, that is questionable and based on personal interpretation.So how can ethical behavior be judged? Markala Center for Applied Ethics (1999) provides the following questions to help us more clearly ascertain ethical behavior. Is there something wrong personally, interpersonally, or socially? Is there conflict that could be damaging to people?to animals or the environment? to institutions? to society?Does the issue go deeper than legal or institutional concerns? What does it do to people as persons who have dignity, rights, and hopes for a better life together? These questions will help us to get the facts necessary to understand the problem, but we also need to know the set. Markula Center for Applied Ethics (1995-1998) suggests asking these additi onal questions to further determine values Is the solution to this problem for the common good of the community? Does it violate any rights? Is it fair and non-discriminatory?Will it put on the majority of the people? So when a problem occurs that requires a solution, it is necessary to review these questions and ask ourselves, based on a desired approach, if the outcome is ethical. This can be a difficult end since practically there is clearly no right or wrong answer. How could ethics expediency the finale reservation process? Incorporating ethics in the decision making process could making the process easier or more difficult. Easier by providing an additional layer that would justify a difficult decision based on whether it was ethically right or wrong.Ethics could make the decision making process easier by helping to hand choices that would not benefit all parties involved. For instance, lets show there is a company who produces steel wires for construction projects. They need to build a larger factory in order to keep up with the demand. They are a fairly small operation, but complex in that they use dangerous chemics in the finishing of their products. They have found a couple of locations which meet their needs one in a location that is isolated a far from any residential areas, the other is located directly on a river that flows into a lake used for recreational purposes.The first location is considerably cheaper and would add an additional 30 minutes to the current employees commute. The second is closer and less expensive. In making the decision on where to build, management must consider the ethical ramifications to the environment. If they were to build near the river there would be a chance of chemical run off that would pollute the river and ultimately the lake. The use of ethics in the decision making process would make it easier to eliminate this location as an option and help to justify the additional expense and commute.Ethics cou ld also make the decision making process harder by adding another layer of complexity to the problem. operate for instance, the issue of stem cell research. The research is performed on human embryos which some say is an unethical practice. Others say that using stem cells for research will make technological advances in medicine that cannot be achieved in other ways. These groups are opposed to the ban on federal funding for research that involved human embryo research (Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics). In the meantime, there are many diseases in which the cure points to more search in the area of stem cells.This research could help to save lives, but it is being held up due to the ethical beliefs of opposing parties. How should ethics be used in business? Ethical decision making should be a method by which decisions are made for the good of all people. Ethics should provide a code of behavior that is used as a base for all decision making. They should provide specific guidelines that ensure that decisions are always made in the interest of helping or protecting the rights of people. Many professional groups had specific practices by which they are expected to adhere as state by Larry Colero of the U. B.C.Centre for Applied Ethics professional associations have codes of ethics that prescribe required behavior within the context of a professional practice such as medicine, law, accounting, or engineering. These types of associations lay the ground rules in the decision making process. What are the ethical implications of the decision? Ethical implications in the decision making process could have a positive and negative outcome. I do believe that if a decision is not made in an ethical manner, the outcome will be negative. Using ethical decision making will most likely provide a positive outcome.Although it may not benefit the bottom line, it will surely benefit the community and the company long term. The negative implications come from situatio ns where the decision is made without consideration for ethics. A sales person who is desperate to make quota for the quarter sells a product to the customer even though the customer does not need the product at this time. The customer may feel that the sales person does not have their best interest in heart and take their business elsewhere. Initially, the sales person benefited from an unethical decision, but in the long run, this type of decision making did not pay off.From a positive perspective, if the sales person had used ethical decision making, his sales may have increased not only through this one particular customer, but also from referrals due to the excellent customer service he/she had provided. Initially, the numbers may not have been satisfactory, but the long term results might have overcome the initial down turn. Conclusion Utilizing the principles of ethics in the decision making process will help to ensure that decisions made are fair and revere the rights of t hose parties involved. Unfortunately, ethical decision making is only as morally sound as the person making the decision.If the person making the decision is does not live by an ethical code, the decision will be swayed in the direction of that belief. Therefore, in order to make sound ethical decisions, decision makers must perpetually evaluate their own beliefs and strive to live in an ethical manner. References Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics, (n. d. ), On human embryos and stem cell research An appeal for legally and ethically responsible science and public policy. Retrieved from the terra firma capacious Web whitethorn 18, 2002 http//www. stemcellresearch. org/statement/statement.htm Colero, L. , (n. d. ) A framework for universal principles of ethics. Retrieved from the World Wide Web. May 18, 2002 http//www. ethics. ubc. ca/papers/invited/colero. html Pearson Custom Publishing, (1999-2002) Ethics. Retrieved from the World Wide Web May 15, 2002 http//www. pearson custom. com/link/ humanities/philosophy/crithink/ethics. html Markula Center for Applied Ethics, (1995-1998) A framework for ethical decision making. Retrieved from the World Wide Web. May 15, 2002. http//www. scu. edu/SCU/Centers/Ethics/practicing/deci3sion/framework. html.